Reactivity | MuSpecies Glossary |
Applications | Bioactivity |
Format | Carrier-Free |
Details of Functionality | Measured in a cell proliferation assay using HUVEC human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The ED50 for this effect is 1-4 ng/mL. |
Source | E. coli-derived mouse VEGF protein Ala27-Arg146 (Gly117Glu & Glu118Arg) |
Accession # | |
N-terminal Sequence | Ala27 |
Structure / Form | Disulfide-linked homodimer |
Protein/Peptide Type | Recombinant Proteins |
Gene | Vegfa |
Purity | >97%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain. |
Endotoxin Note | <0.10 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method. |
Dilutions |
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Theoretical MW | 14 kDa (monomer). Disclaimer note: The observed molecular weight of the protein may vary from the listed predicted molecular weight due to post translational modifications, post translation cleavages, relative charges, and other experimental factors. |
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Publications |
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Storage | Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
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Buffer | Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in Acetonitrile and TFA. |
Purity | >97%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain. |
Reconstitution Instructions | Reconstitute at 50 µg/mL in sterile PBS. |
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF or VEGF-A), also known as vascular permeability factor (VPF), is a potent mediator of both angiogenesis and vasculogenesis in the fetus and adult (1‑3). It is a member of the PDGF family that is characterized by a cysteine-knot structure formed by eight conserved cysteine residues (4). Alternately spliced isoforms of 121, 145, 165, 183, 189, and 206 amino acids (aa) have been identified in humans, with 120, 164 and 188 aa isoforms found in mouse (2, 4). VEGF120 and VEGF121 lack basic heparin-binding regions and are freely diffusible (4). Mouse embryos expressing only the VEGF120 isoform do not survive to term and show defects in skeletogenesis (5). Mouse VEGF120 shares 98% aa sequence identity with corresponding regions of rat, 89% with canine, feline, equine and porcine, and 87% with human, ovine and bovine VEGF, respectively. VEGF binds the type I transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases VEGF R1 (also called Flt-1) and VEGF R2 (Flk-1/KDR) on endothelial cells (4). Although affinity is highest for binding to VEGF R1, VEGF R2 appears to be the primary mediator of VEGF angiogenic activity (3, 4). Human VEGF165 binds the semaphorin receptor, Neuropilin-1; VEGF121 binding has also been reported (6). VEGF is required during embryogenesis to regulate the proliferation, migration, and survival of endothelial cells (3, 4). In adults, VEGF functions mainly in wound healing and the female reproductive cycle (3). Pathologically, it is involved in tumor angiogenesis and vascular leakage (7, 8). Circulating VEGF levels correlate with disease activity in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus (9). VEGF is induced by hypoxia and cytokines such as IL‑1, IL-6, IL-8, oncostatin M and TNF-alpha (3, 4, 10).
Unlocking the Potential of Biosimilars in Immuno-Oncology By Jennifer Jones, M.S.Biosimilar Antibodies: Imitation Meets InnovationIn the ever-evolving medical landscape, a new class of pharmaceuticals is emerging as a game-changer, poised to transform the way we approach... Read full blog post. |
Understanding ‘Y’ in Breast Cancer: Crucial Role of DNA/RNA-binding Protein YB-1 in the Development, Pre-Invasive, and Metastatic Phases Jamshed Arslan, Pharm D, PhD In the United States, 1 in 8 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in her lifetime.1 Despite the prevalence, cancer genesis is a mystery. The heterogeneity of cancers makes it diff... Read full blog post. |
Detecting HIF alpha and beyond: Best controls for hypoxia Western blot analysis By Rosa Moreno, PhD. Detecting HIF alpha and beyond: Best controls for hypoxia Western blot analysisPhysiological low levels of oxygen induce normal hypoxic events across biological systems. This hypoxic state activ... Read full blog post. |
Neurovascular signaling for repair enhances brain metastasis By Jamshed Arslan, Pharm. D., PhD. Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Cellular players – neurons, astrocytes, endothelial and stromal cells – involved in post-stroke repair t... Read full blog post. |
mTOR Signaling and the Tumor Microenvironment By Yoskaly Lazo-Fernandez, PhD The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a conserved serine/threonine kinase that, as a member of two distinct intracellular protein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, regulates protein ... Read full blog post. |
Chemotherapy-induced metastasis: An unexpected foe? By Yoskaly Lazo-Fernandez, PhD IntroductionEvidence has accumulated recently indicating that common cancer therapies might stimulate metastasis in a significant number of cancer patients1. In fact, neoadjuvant che... Read full blog post. |
Getting Physical: Link between Lipid Metabolism and Hypoxia Target Genes By Jamshed Arslan Pharm.D. von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is associated with tumors arising in multiple organs. Activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-alpha underlies the VHL disease pathogenesis. In normoxia... Read full blog post. |
The role of HIF-2 alpha in the progression and therapy of clear cell renal cell carcinoma HIF-2 alpha, also known as hypoxia-inducible factor 2, endothelial PAS domain protein-1, and member of PAS superfamily 2 is part of the HIF family of proteins. The HIF family is composed of HIF-1, HIF-2 and HIF-3, where HIF-2 is a dimeric protein ... Read full blog post. |
The application of CD31/Pecam-1 (MEC 7.46) in breast cancer research CD31/PECAM-1, or platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1, is a 130-kDa glycoprotein expressed on vascular and hematopoietic cells. Depending on the cell type, CD31/PECAM-1 expression can be largely localized to cell junctions, playing a rol... Read full blog post. |
The dynamic use of a PCNA antibody in fish, porcine and primate species Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) plays a crucial role in nucleic acid metabolism as it pertains to DNA replication and repair. Most noted for its activation of subunits of DNA polymerase, it has also been found to interact with cell-cycl... Read full blog post. |
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