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Recombinant Human/Mouse/Rat Activin A Protein

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Product Details

Summary
Reactivity Hu, Mu, RtSpecies Glossary
Applications Bioactivity

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Recombinant Human/Mouse/Rat Activin A Protein Summary

Additional Information
CHO derived
Details of Functionality
Measured by its ability to induce hemoglobin expression in K562 human chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. Schwall, R.H. et al. (1991) Method Enzymol. 198:340. The ED50 for this effect is 0.200‑1.20 ng/mL.
Source
Chinese Hamster Ovary cell line, CHO-derived Activin A protein
Gly311-Ser426
Accession #
N-terminal Sequence
Gly311
Structure / Form
Disulfide-linked homodimer
Protein/Peptide Type
Recombinant Proteins
Gene
INHBA
Purity
>95%, by SDS-PAGE with silver staining.
Endotoxin Note
<0.01 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.

Applications/Dilutions

Dilutions
  • Bioactivity
Theoretical MW
13 kDa (monomer).
Disclaimer note: The observed molecular weight of the protein may vary from the listed predicted molecular weight due to post translational modifications, post translation cleavages, relative charges, and other experimental factors.
SDS-PAGE
14 kDa, reducing conditions
24 kDa, non-reducing conditions
Publications
Read Publications using
338-AC in the following applications:

Packaging, Storage & Formulations

Storage
Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
  • 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.
  • 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
  • 3 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
Buffer
Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in Acetonitrile and TFA with BSA as a carrier protein.
Purity
>95%, by SDS-PAGE with silver staining.
Reconstitution Instructions
Reconstitute at 100-500 μg/mL in sterile 4 mM HCl.

Notes

This product is produced by and ships from R&D Systems, Inc., a Bio-Techne brand.

Alternate Names for Recombinant Human/Mouse/Rat Activin A Protein

  • Activin A
  • activin AB alpha polypeptide
  • Activin beta-A chain
  • erythroid differentiation factor
  • Erythroid differentiation protein
  • follicle-stimulating hormone-releasing protein
  • FSH-releasing protein
  • inhibin beta A chain
  • inhibin beta A subunit
  • Inhibin, beta-1

Background

Activin and Inhibin are members of the TGF-beta superfamily of cytokines and are involved in a wide range of biological processes including tissue morphogenesis and repair, fibrosis, inflammation, neural development, hematopoiesis, reproductive system function, and carcinogenesis (1‑7). Activin and Inhibin are produced as precursor proteins. Their amino terminal propeptides are proteolytically cleaved and facilitate formation of disulfide-linked dimers of the bioactive proteins (8, 9). Activins are nonglycosylated homodimers or heterodimers of various beta subunits ( beta A, beta B, beta C, and beta E in mammals), while Inhibins are heterodimers of a unique alpha subunit and one of the beta subunits. Activin A is a widely expressed homodimer of two beta A chains. The beta A subunit can also heterodimerize with a beta B or beta C subunit to form Activin AB and Activin AC, respectively (10). The 14 kDa mature human beta A chain shares 100% amino acid sequence identity with bovine, feline, mouse, porcine, and rat beta A. 

Activin A exerts its biological activities by binding to the type 2 serine/threonine kinase Activin RIIA which then noncovalently associates with the type 1 serine/threonine kinase Activin RIB/ALK-4 (7, 11). Signaling through this receptor complex leads to Smad activation and regulation of activin-responsive gene transcription (7, 11). The bioactivity of Activin A is regulated by a variety of mechanisms (11). BAMBI, Betaglycan, and Cripto are cell‑associated molecules that function as decoy receptors or limit the ability of Activin A to induce receptor complex assembly (12‑14). The intracellular formation of Activin A can be prevented by the incorporation of the beta A subunit into Activin AC or Inhibin A (3, 10). And the bioavailability of Activin A is restricted by its incorporation into inactive complexes with alpha 2-Macroglobulin, Follistatin, and FLRG (15, 16). 

Activin A is involved in the differentiation of various cell and tissue types. The induction of definitive endoderm by Activin A is required in differentiation protocols of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) (17, 18). In vitro models of human gametogenesis use prolonged Activin A supplementation to human embryonic stem cells for differentiation into human primordial germ cell-like cells (19). Activin A can also be used to maintain cells in vitro, as is the case for iPSC-derived nephron cells that can then be used in disease modeling, drug screening and in regenerative medicine (20). 

Activin A is an important factor for tumor cells to evade the immune system as Activin A can act on surrounding immune cells to decrease their antitumor activity (21). Activin A also promotes migration and growth of tumors, making it a target for cancer therapies (22). Specifically, research has shown that interfering with Activin A activity can assist in overcoming CD8 T-cell exclusion and immunotherapy resistance (23). In bone marrow-derived stem cell transplants for treatment of diabetes, Activin A enhances migration and homing of stem cells towards pancreatic lineage (24).
  1. Kumanov, P. et al. (2005) Reprod. Biomed. Online 10:786.
  2. Maeshima, A. et al. (2008) Endocr. J. 55:1.
  3. Rodgarkia-Dara, C. et al. (2006) Mutat. Res. 613:123.
  4. Werner, S. and C. Alzheimer (2006) Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 17:157.
  5. Xu, P. and A.K. Hall (2006) Dev. Biol. 299:303.
  6. Shav-Tal, Y. and D. Zipori (2002) Stem Cells 20:493.
  7. Chen, Y.G. et al. (2006) Exp. Biol. Med. 231:534.
  8. Gray, A.M. and A.J. Mason (1990) Science 247:1328.
  9. Mason, A.J. et al. (1996) Mol. Endocrinol. 10:1055.
  10. Thompson, T.B. et al. (2004) Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 225:9.
  11. Harrison, C.A. et al. (2005) Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 16:73.
  12. Onichtchouk, D. et al. (1999) Nature 401:480.
  13. Gray, P.C. et al. (2002) Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 188:254.
  14. Kelber, J.A. et al. (2008) J. Biol. Chem. 283:4490.
  15. Phillips, D.J. et al. (1997) J. Endocrinol. 155:65.
  16. Schneyer, A. et al. (2003) Endocrinology 144:1671.
  17. Ghorbani-Dalini, S. et al. (2020) 3 Biotech. 10:215.
  18. Mennen, R. H. et al. (2022) Reprod Toxicol. 107:44.
  19. Mishra, S. et al. (2021) Stem Cells. 39:551.
  20. Tanigawa, S. et al. (2019) Stem Cell Reports 13:322.
  21. Cangkrama, M. et al. (2020) Trends Mol. Med. 26:1107.
  22. Ries, A. et al. (2020) Expert Opin. Ther. Targets. 24:985.
  23. Pinjusic, K. et al. (2022) J. Immunother. Cancer. 10:e004533.
  24. Dadheech, N. et al. (2020) Stem Cell Res. Ther. 11:327. 

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338-AC
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Publications for Activin A (338-AC)(529)

We have publications tested in 17 confirmed species: Human, Mouse, Rat, Bovine, Chicken, Feline, Goat, Hamster, Ovine, Porcine, Primate - Callithrix jacchus (Common Marmoset), Primate - Callitrix jacchus (Common Marmoset), Primate - Macaca fascicularis (Crab-eating Monkey or Cynomolgus Macaque), Primate - Macaca mulatta (Rhesus Macaque), Primate - Rhesus macaque, Transgenic Mouse, Xenopus.

We have publications tested in 11 applications: Bioassay, Cell Culture, Differentiation, ELISA (Standard), Flow Cytometry, IHC, In Vivo, Stimulation, Surface Plasmon Resonance, Tissue Culture, Western Blot.


Filter By Application
Bioassay
(469)
Cell Culture
(43)
Differentiation
(12)
ELISA (Standard)
(1)
Flow Cytometry
(1)
IHC
(1)
In Vivo
(6)
Stimulation
(1)
Surface Plasmon Resonance
(2)
Tissue Culture
(1)
Western Blot
(1)
All Applications
Filter By Species
Human
(379)
Mouse
(128)
Rat
(6)
Bovine
(7)
Chicken
(1)
Feline
(1)
Goat
(1)
Hamster
(1)
Ovine
(1)
Porcine
(4)
Primate - Callithrix jacchus (Common Marmoset)
(1)
Primate - Callitrix jacchus (Common Marmoset)
(1)
Primate - Macaca fascicularis (Crab-eating Monkey or Cynomolgus Macaque)
(1)
Primate - Macaca mulatta (Rhesus Macaque)
(1)
Primate - Rhesus macaque
(1)
Transgenic Mouse
(3)
Xenopus
(4)
All Species
Showing Publications 1 - 10 of 529. Show All 529 Publications.
Publications using 338-AC Applications Species
Namoto, K;Baader, C;Orsini, V;Landshammer, A;Breuer, E;Dinh, KT;Ungricht, R;Pikiolek, M;Laurent, S;Lu, B;Aebi, A;Schönberger, K;Vangrevelinghe, E;Evrova, O;Sun, T;Annunziato, S;Lachal, J;Redmond, E;Wang, L;Wetzel, K;Capodieci, P;Turner, J;Schutzius, G;Unterreiner, V;Trunzer, M;Buschmann, N;Behnke, D;Machauer, R;Scheufler, C;Parker, CN;Ferro, M;Grevot, A;Beyerbach, A;Lu, WY;Forbes, SJ;Wagner, J;Bouwmeester, T;Liu, J;Sohal, B;Sahambi, S;Greenbaum, LE;Lohmann, F;Hoppe, P;Cong, F;Sailer, AW;Ruffner, H;Glatthar, R;Humar, B;Clavien, PA;Dill, MT;George, E;Maibaum, J;Liberali, P;Tchorz, JS; NIBR-LTSi is a selective LATS kinase inhibitor activating YAP signaling and expanding tissue stem cells in vitro and in vivo Cell stem cell 2024-04-04 [PMID: 38579685] (Bioassay, Human) Bioassay Human
Farahani, E;Reinert, LS;Narita, R;Serrero, MC;Skouboe, MK;van der Horst, D;Assil, S;Zhang, B;Iversen, MB;Gutierrez, E;Hazrati, H;Johannsen, M;Olagnier, D;Kunze, R;Denham, M;Mogensen, TH;Lappe, M;Paludan, SR; The HIF transcription network exerts innate antiviral activity in neurons and limits brain inflammation Cell reports 2024-02-15 [PMID: 38363679] (Bioassay, Human) Bioassay Human
Johnson, BB;Cosson, MV;Tsansizi, LI;Holmes, TL;Gilmore, T;Hampton, K;Song, OR;Vo, NTN;Nasir, A;Chabronova, A;Denning, C;Peffers, MJ;Merry, CLR;Whitelock, J;Troeberg, L;Rushworth, SA;Bernardo, AS;Smith, JGW; Perlecan (HSPG2) promotes structural, contractile, and metabolic development of human cardiomyocytes Cell reports 2024-01-09 [PMID: 38198277] (Bioassay, Human) Bioassay Human
Marcoux, P;Hwang, JW;Desterke, C;Imeri, J;Bennaceur-Griscelli, A;Turhan, AG; Modeling RET-Rearranged Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Generation of Lung Progenitor Cells (LPCs) from Patient-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) Cells 2023-12-15 [PMID: 38132167] (Bioassay, Human) Bioassay Human
Cota, P;Caliskan, ÖS;Bastidas-Ponce, A;Jing, C;Jaki, J;Saber, L;Czarnecki, O;Taskin, D;Blöchinger, AK;Kurth, T;Sterr, M;Burtscher, I;Krahmer, N;Lickert, H;Bakhti, M; Insulin regulates human pancreatic endocrine cell differentiation in vitro Molecular metabolism 2023-12-14 [PMID: 38103636] (Bioassay, Human) Bioassay Human
Tao, Y;Li, X;Dong, Q;Kong, L;Petersen, AJ;Yan, Y;Xu, K;Zima, S;Li, Y;Schmidt, DK;Ayala, M;Mathivanan, S;Sousa, AMM;Chang, Q;Zhang, SC; Generation of locus coeruleus norepinephrine neurons from human pluripotent stem cells Nature biotechnology 2023-11-16 [PMID: 37974010] (Bioassay, Human) Bioassay Human
Chen, Y;Chen, Y;Li, Q;Liu, H;Han, J;Zhang, H;Cheng, L;Lin, G; Short C-terminal Musashi-1 proteins regulate pluripotency states in embryonic stem cells Cell reports 2023-10-31 [PMID: 37858462] (Bioassay, Human, Mouse) Bioassay Human, Mouse
Isaac, E;Berg, DK;Pfeffer, PL; Using extended growth of cattle embryos in culture to gain insights into bovine developmental events on embryonic days 8 to 10 Theriogenology 2023-10-06 [PMID: 37837723] (IHC, Bovine) IHC Bovine
Lyu, X;Rowley, MJ;Kulik, MJ;Dalton, S;Corces, VG; Regulation of CTCF loop formation during pancreatic cell differentiation Nature communications 2023-10-09 [PMID: 37813869] (Bioassay, Human) Bioassay Human
Yang, YS;Lin, C;Ma, H;Xie, J;Kaplan, FS;Gao, G;Shim, JH; AAV-Mediated Targeting of the Activin A-ACVR1R206H Signaling in Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva Biomolecules 2023-09-08 [PMID: 37759764] (Bioassay, Transgenic Mouse) Bioassay Transgenic Mouse
Show All 529 Publications.

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Bioinformatics

Gene Symbol INHBA
Uniprot