LC3B Antibody [HRP]

Autophagy (macroautophagy) is a catabolic process which targets intracellular components such as proteins and organelles for degradation. Originally described as a bulk degradation process, current research supports its selective nature (1). Selective autophagy targets specific cellular components for degradation including the endoplasmic reticulum (2) (ER-phagy), mitochondria (3) (mitophagy), peroxisomes (3) (pexophagy), ribosomes (4) (ribophagy) and bacteria (5) (xenophagy). Autophagy relies on a newly formed phagophore, a membrane structure which elongates, sequesters cellular content, and fuses to form a double membrane vesicle known as the autophagosome. Fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes gives rise to the autophagolysosome, where cellular components are degraded by lysosome hydrolases (1).

Autophagic flux is supported by autophagy-related proteins (Atgs) initially identified in yeast (6,7). The core autophagy machinery is comprised of 17 Atg proteins that play specific roles in autophagosome formation. Among these Atg proteins, Atg8 is not only involved in autophagosome formation but also functions in cargo selection. In mammals, several Atg8 homologues have been identified including microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha, beta and gamma - LC3A, LC3B, and LC3C (8) respectively, as well as GABA type A receptor-associated protein (GABARAP), GABARAP-Like1, and GABARAP-Like2 (9). LC3 (predicted molecular weight 14kD) is ubiquitously expressed and undergoes posttranslational processing after synthesis. First, the cysteine protease Atg4 cleaves a carboxy terminal sequence to generate the cytosolic form LC3-I. Next, E1-like (Atg7) and E2-like (Atg3) enzymes conjugate phosphatidylethanolamine to the newly exposed carboxyterminal glycine, generating LC3-II. Finally, the Atg12-Atg5-Atg16L1 complex participates in LC3 lipidation and autophagosome formation (10). LC3B-I to LC3B-II conversion correlates with autophagosome number and is considered the best marker to monitor autophagy.

References

1. Yu, L., Chen, Y., & Tooze, S. A. (2018). Autophagy pathway: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Autophagy. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2017.1378838

2. Forrester, A., De Leonibus, C., Grumati, P., Fasana, E., Piemontese, M., Staiano, L., ... Settembre, C. (2019). A selective ER -phagy exerts procollagen quality control via a Calnexin- FAM 134B complex. The EMBO Journal. https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.201899847

3. He, X., Zhu, Y., Zhang, Y., Geng, Y., Gong, J., Geng, J., ... Zhong, H. (2019). RNF34 functions in immunity and selective mitophagy by targeting MAVS for autophagic degradation. The EMBO Journal. https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2018100978

4. Mathai, B., Meijer, A., & Simonsen, A. (2017). Studying Autophagy in Zebrafish. Cells. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells6030021

5. Losier, T. T., Akuma, M., McKee-Muir, O. C., LeBlond, N. D., Suk, Y., Alsaadi, R. M., ... Russell, R. C. (2019). AMPK Promotes Xenophagy through Priming of Autophagic Kinases upon Detection of Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles. Cell Reports. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.062

6. Nakatogawa, H., Suzuki, K., Kamada, Y., & Ohsumi, Y. (2009). Dynamics and diversity in autophagy mechanisms: Lessons from yeast. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm2708

7. Tsukada, M., & Ohsumi, Y. (1993). Isolation and characterization of autophagy-defective mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(93)80398-E

8. Wild, P., McEwan, D. G., & Dikic, I. (2014). The LC3 interactome at a glance. Journal of Cell Science. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.140426

9. Igloi, G. L. (2001). Cloning, expression patterns, and chromosome localization of three human and two mouse homologues of GABAA receptor-associated protein. Genomics. https://doi.org/10.1006/geno.2001.6555

10. Glick, D., Barth, S., & Macleod, K. F. (2010). Autophagy: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Journal of Pathology. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.2697

This product is for research use only and is not approved for use in humans or in clinical diagnosis. Primary Antibodies are guaranteed for 1 year from date of receipt.

We have publications tested in 3 confirmed species: Human, Mouse, Rat.

We have publications tested in 1 application: WB.

Showing Publications 1 - 9 of 9.

Publications using NB100-2220H	Applications	Species
Ben Salem I, Boussabbeh M, Pires Da Silva J et al. Effects of Dichlorvos on cardiac cells: Toxicity and molecular mechanism of action Chemosphere 2023-04-18 [PMID: 37080471] (WB, Rat)	WB	Rat
Song J, Zhao X, Feng Y et al. Involvement of proapoptotic genes in autophagic cell death induced by irradiation Cell Death Discov. 2017-12-04 [PMID: 31098300] (WB, Human) Details: Citation used the HRP format of this antibody.	WB	Human
Guo XL, Hu F, Wang H et al. Inhibition of autophagy in hepatocarcinoma cells promotes chemotherapeutic agent-induced apoptosis during nutrient deprivation Oncol Rep. 2018-02-01 [PMID: 29207161] (Human) Details: Citation using the HRP form of this antibody.		Human
Lee WK, Probst S, Santoyo-Sanchez MP et al. Initial autophagic protection switches to disruption of autophagic flux by lysosomal instability during cadmium stress accrual in renal NRK-52E cells. Arch Toxicol 2017-03-20 [PMID: 28321485]
Ben Salem I, Boussabbeh M, Da Silva JP et al. SIRT1 protects cardiac cells against apoptosis induced by zearalenone or its metabolites alpha- and beta-zearalenol through an autophagy-dependent pathway. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2016-11-23 [PMID: 27889531] (WB, Rat) Details: This citation used the HRP version of this antibody.	WB	Rat
Benhamron S, Pattanayak Sp, Berger M, Tirosh B. mTOR activation promotes plasma cell differentiation and bypasses XBP-1 for immunoglobulin secretion. Mol Cell Biol 2014-10-20 [PMID: 25332234] (WB, Mouse) Details: Using the HRP conjugated version of NB100-2220, catalog number NB100-2220H.	WB	Mouse
Song YJ, Zhang SS, Guo XL et al. Autophagy contributes to the survival of CD133+ liver cancer stem cells in the hypoxic and nutrient-deprived tumor microenvironment. Cancer Lett 2013-07-20 [PMID: 23879969] (WB, Human) Details: Using the HRP conjugated version of NB500-249, catalog number NB500-249H.	WB	Human
Guo X, Li D, Hu F et al. Targeting autophagy potentiates chemotherapy-induced apoptosis and proliferation inhibition in hepatocarcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2012-07-28 [PMID: 22406827] (WB, Human) Details: Using the HRP conjugated version of NB100-2220, catalog number NB100-2220H.	WB	Human
Song J, Qu Z, Guo X et al. Hypoxia-induced autophagy contributes to the chemoresistance of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Autophagy 2009-11-01 [PMID: 19786832] (WB, Human) Details: Using the HRP conjugated version of NB500-249, catalog number NB500-249H.	WB	Human

Images	Ratings	Applications	Species	Date	Details
	4 reviewed by: Verified Customer	WB	C57 Mice	05/20/2024	View Summary Application Western Blot Sample Tested Cell Lysates Species C57 Mice Lot D111690
Enlarge	5 reviewed by: Wing-Kee Lee	WB	Rat	10/08/2013	View Summary Application Western Blot Sample Tested Rat kidney proximal tubule cell line Species Rat

Array NB100-2220H

• LC3B Antibodies
• LC3B Proteins