TLR3 [p Tyr759] Antibody - BSA Free

Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein that contributes to the innate immune response, recognizing distinct pathogen-associate molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associate molecular patterns (DAMPs) (1,2). The TLR family member TLR3 specifically recognizes and binds double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) from viruses and the synthetic analog polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) (1-5). TLR3 is typically expressed in the endosomes of innate immune cells including macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells (DCs) (1-5). TLR3 is also localized on the cell surface of fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and vascular endothelial cells (1-5). The human TLR3 protein is 904 amino acids (aa) in length with a theoretical molecular weight (MW) of 104 kDa (6). It consists of a 23 aa signal sequence, a horseshoe-shaped 681 aa extracellular domain (ECD) containing 23 leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), a 21 aa helical transmembrane domain, and a 179 aa cytoplasmic region containing a Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain (1,6). Upon ligand binding, TLR3-ECD dimerizes and the adapter protein TIR-domain-containing adapter inducing interferon-beta (TRIF/TICAM1) is recruited (1-5). TRIF interacts with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) and TRAF6 and results in a signal transduction cascade involving activation of transcription factors interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), IRF7, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), and activation protein-1 (AP-1) (1-5). Transcription factors translocate to the nucleus, driving type I interferon (IFN) production, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and tumor regression (1-5). Furthermore, TRIF can also interact with receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1 (RIP1) and RIP3 leading to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis (1,2,5). Conversely, NF-kappaB transcription can also promote chemokine production and promote the WNT pathway associated with stemness and pro-tumorigenic properties (1,5).

Given the role of TLR3 in immune response, its expression or dysfunction has been associated with a number of pathologies from chronic inflammation to autoimmune disorders and cancer (1-5,7). TLR3 is expressed in many cancer types, often related to viral infection, such as cervical cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), melanoma, breast cancer, and prostate cancer (1,5). TLR3 signaling has a dual role in cancer, either contributing to pro- or anti-tumor properties depending on the type of cancer (1,5). Therapeutic targeting the TLR3 signaling pathway is under investigation. TLR3 inhibitors or antagonists are being studied for the treatment autoimmune and inflammatory disorders such as of sepsis and atherosclerosis (2,8). TLR3 agonists, either alone or in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors or therapeutic agents, are being studied as immunotherapeutic treatments of many cancers such as colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, and melanoma (7).

References

1. Zheng X, Li S, Yang H. Roles of Toll-Like Receptor 3 in Human Tumors. Front Immunol. 2021;12:667454. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.667454

2. Zhuang C, Chen R, Zheng Z, Lu J, Hong C. Toll-Like Receptor 3 in Cardiovascular Diseases. Heart Lung Circ. 2022;S1443-9506(22)00080-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2022.02.012

3. Bianchi F, Pretto S, Tagliabue E, Balsari A, Sfondrini L. Exploiting poly(I:C) to induce cancer cell apoptosis. Cancer Biol Ther. 2017;18(10):747-756. https://doi.org/10.1080/15384047.2017.1373220

4. Matsumoto M, Seya T. TLR3: interferon induction by double-stranded RNA including poly(I:C). Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2008;60(7):805-812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2007.11.005

5. Muresan XM, Bouchal J, Culig Z, Soucek K. Toll-Like Receptor 3 in Solid Cancer and Therapy Resistance. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(11):3227. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12113227

6. Uniprot (O15455)

7. Le Naour J, Galluzzi L, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Vacchelli E. Trial watch: TLR3 agonists in cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology. 2020;9(1):1771143. https://doi.org/10.1080/2162402X.2020.1771143

8. Gao W, Xiong Y, Li Q, Yang H. Inhibition of Toll-Like Receptor Signaling as a Promising Therapy for Inflammatory Diseases: A Journey from Molecular to Nano Therapeutics. Front Physiol. 2017;8:508. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00508

This product is for research use only and is not approved for use in humans or in clinical diagnosis. Primary Antibodies are guaranteed for 1 year from date of receipt.

We have publications tested in 2 confirmed species: Mouse, Rat.

We have publications tested in 2 applications: ICC/IF, WB.

Showing Publications 1 - 8 of 8.

Publications using NBP2-24904	Applications	Species
Ko R, Park H, Lee N et al. Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3? Regulates Antiviral Responses of TLR3 via TRAF2-Src Axis The Journal of Immunology 2019-12-01 [PMID: 31619538]
Zhang L, Xiang W, Wang G et al. #VALUE! J Biol Chem. [PMID: 27226571] (WB, ICC/IF, Mouse)	WB, ICC/IF	Mouse
Takanashi Masakatsu, Sudo Katsuko, Ueda Shinobu et al. Novel Types of Small RNA Exhibit Sequence- and Target-dependent Angiogenesis Suppression Without Activation of Toll-like Receptor 3 in an Age-related Macular DegeneRation (AMD) Mouse Model. Molecular Therapy. Nucleic Acids 2015-01-01 [PMID: 26484944] (WB, Mouse)	WB	Mouse
Nakama T, Yoshida S, Ishikawa K et al. Inhibition of choroidal fibrovascular membrane formation by new class of RNA interference therapeutic agent targeting periostin. Gene Ther. 2014-12-11 [PMID: 25503692] (WB)	WB
Hsieh MY, Chang MY, Chen YJ et al. The iNOS/Src Axis Mediates Toll-Like Receptor 3 Tyrosine 759 phosphorylation and Enhances Its Signal Transduction Leading to Interferon-B Synthesis in Macrophages. J. Biol. Chem. 2014-02-13 [PMID: 24526685] (WB, Rat, Mouse) Details: RAW264.7, mouse and rat primary peritoneal macrophages (PEMs): Figs 1-3, 7-10. Notes: (1) The specificity of the TLR3[pTyr759] pAb was validated by recognizing TLR3 that had been IPd from RAW264.7 cells, and then western blotted with the TLR3[pTyr759] pAb	WB	Rat, Mouse
Kleinman ME, Kaneko H, Cho WG et al. Short-interfering RNAs induce retinal degeneration via TLR3 and IRF3. Mol Ther. 2012-01-01 [PMID: 21988875] Details: Antibodies cited: 1. TLR3 pAb (IMG-516): IHC (P), Fig 4D (mouse eye sections) 2. TLR3-PE mAb (IMG-315D): Flow (Surface) and Flow (Intracellular), Fig 4F [primary human retinal pigment epithelium cell isolates (hRPE)]. TLR3 was expressed on both the cell s
Cho WG, Albuquerque RJ, Kleinman ME et al. Small interfering RNA-induced TLR3 activation inhibits blood and lymphatic vessel growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009-04-28 [PMID: 19359485] (WB, Mouse)	WB	Mouse
Xu W, Santini PA, Matthews AJ et al. Viral double-stranded RNA triggers Ig class switching by activating upper respiratory mucosa B cells through an innate TLR3 pathway involving BAFF. J Immunol. 2008-07-01 [PMID: 18566393] (ICC/IF) Details: IHC (F):Fig 4A and B, Paraformaldehyde-fixed, frozen tonsillar mucosa human tissue sections from healthy and hyper-IgM syndrome (HIGM) donors, respectively. IF/ICC: Fig 4C, mucosal B cells from the colon lamina propria of the HIGM donor.	ICC/IF

Images	Ratings	Applications	Species	Date	Details
Enlarge	5 reviewed by: Bryan Tinsley	WB	Mouse	04/28/2014	View Summary Application Western Blot Species Mouse

Array NBP2-24904

• TLR3 Antibodies
• TLR3 ELISA Kits
• TLR3 Proteins and Enzymes