TLR3 Antibody (40C1285.6) [Biotin]

Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein that contributes to the innate immune response, recognizing distinct pathogen-associate molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associate molecular patterns (DAMPs) (1,2). The TLR family member TLR3 specifically recognizes and binds double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) from viruses and the synthetic analog polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) (1-5). TLR3 is typically expressed in the endosomes of innate immune cells including macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells (DCs) (1-5). TLR3 is also localized on the cell surface of fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and vascular endothelial cells (1-5). The human TLR3 protein is 904 amino acids (aa) in length with a theoretical molecular weight (MW) of 104 kDa (6). It consists of a 23 aa signal sequence, a horseshoe-shaped 681 aa extracellular domain (ECD) containing 23 leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), a 21 aa helical transmembrane domain, and a 179 aa cytoplasmic region containing a Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain (1,6). Upon ligand binding, TLR3-ECD dimerizes and the adapter protein TIR-domain-containing adapter inducing interferon-beta (TRIF/TICAM1) is recruited (1-5). TRIF interacts with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) and TRAF6 and results in a signal transduction cascade involving activation of transcription factors interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), IRF7, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), and activation protein-1 (AP-1) (1-5). Transcription factors translocate to the nucleus, driving type I interferon (IFN) production, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and tumor regression (1-5). Furthermore, TRIF can also interact with receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1 (RIP1) and RIP3 leading to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis (1,2,5). Conversely, NF-kappaB transcription can also promote chemokine production and promote the WNT pathway associated with stemness and pro-tumorigenic properties (1,5).

Given the role of TLR3 in immune response, its expression or dysfunction has been associated with a number of pathologies from chronic inflammation to autoimmune disorders and cancer (1-5,7). TLR3 is expressed in many cancer types, often related to viral infection, such as cervical cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), melanoma, breast cancer, and prostate cancer (1,5). TLR3 signaling has a dual role in cancer, either contributing to pro- or anti-tumor properties depending on the type of cancer (1,5). Therapeutic targeting the TLR3 signaling pathway is under investigation. TLR3 inhibitors or antagonists are being studied for the treatment autoimmune and inflammatory disorders such as of sepsis and atherosclerosis (2,8). TLR3 agonists, either alone or in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors or therapeutic agents, are being studied as immunotherapeutic treatments of many cancers such as colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, and melanoma (7).

References

1. Zheng X, Li S, Yang H. Roles of Toll-Like Receptor 3 in Human Tumors. Front Immunol. 2021;12:667454. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.667454

2. Zhuang C, Chen R, Zheng Z, Lu J, Hong C. Toll-Like Receptor 3 in Cardiovascular Diseases. Heart Lung Circ. 2022;S1443-9506(22)00080-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2022.02.012

3. Bianchi F, Pretto S, Tagliabue E, Balsari A, Sfondrini L. Exploiting poly(I:C) to induce cancer cell apoptosis. Cancer Biol Ther. 2017;18(10):747-756. https://doi.org/10.1080/15384047.2017.1373220

4. Matsumoto M, Seya T. TLR3: interferon induction by double-stranded RNA including poly(I:C). Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2008;60(7):805-812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2007.11.005

5. Muresan XM, Bouchal J, Culig Z, Soucek K. Toll-Like Receptor 3 in Solid Cancer and Therapy Resistance. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(11):3227. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12113227

6. Uniprot (O15455)

7. Le Naour J, Galluzzi L, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Vacchelli E. Trial watch: TLR3 agonists in cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology. 2020;9(1):1771143. https://doi.org/10.1080/2162402X.2020.1771143

8. Gao W, Xiong Y, Li Q, Yang H. Inhibition of Toll-Like Receptor Signaling as a Promising Therapy for Inflammatory Diseases: A Journey from Molecular to Nano Therapeutics. Front Physiol. 2017;8:508. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00508

This product is for research use only and is not approved for use in humans or in clinical diagnosis. Primary Antibodies are guaranteed for 1 year from date of receipt.

Showing Publications 1 - 10 of 21. Show All 21 Publications. Collapse Publications.

Publications using NBP2-24782	Applications	Species
Ostvik AE, Granlund AV, Torp SH et al. Expression of Toll-Like Receptor 3 is enhanced in active Inflammatory Bowel Disease and mediates the excessive release of Lipocalin 2. Clin Exp Immunol 2013-09-01 [PMID: 23668802]
Abdi J, Mutis T, Garssen J, Redegeld F. Characterization of the Toll-like receptor expression profile in human multiple myeloma cells. PLoS One. 2013-04-08 [PMID: 23593278] Details: Antibodies cited [multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines, human intestine tissue lysate, PBMC, mouse splenocytes] for WB (Figs 2, 3, 4A, 4B, 5, Table 1) and Flow (Intracellular): Figs 4C, 6-8, Table 1: 1. TLR1 (IMG-5012) 2. TLR2 (IMG-416A)3. TLR3 (IMG-315A)4 TL
Yan K, Zhu W, Yu L et al. Toll-like receptor 3 and RIG-I-like receptor activation induces innate antiviral responses in mouse ovarian granulosa cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2013-06-15 [PMID: 23567548]
Pohar J, Pirher N, Bencina M et al. The role of UNC93B1 protein in surface localization of TLR3 receptor and in cell priming to nucleic acid agonists. J Biol Chem. 2013-01-04 [PMID: 23166319]
Yamashita M, Chattopadhyay S, Fensterl V et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor is essential for Toll-like receptor 3 signaling. Sci Signal. 2012-07-17 [PMID: 22810896]
Kleinman ME, Kaneko H, Cho WG et al. Short-interfering RNAs induce retinal degeneration via TLR3 and IRF3. Mol Ther. 2012-01-01 [PMID: 21988875] Details: Antibodies cited: 1. TLR3 pAb (IMG-516): IHC (P), Fig 4D (mouse eye sections) 2. TLR3-PE mAb (IMG-315D): Flow (Surface) and Flow (Intracellular), Fig 4F [primary human retinal pigment epithelium cell isolates (hRPE)]. TLR3 was expressed on both the cell s
Kuznik A, Bencina M, Svajger U et al. Mechanism of endosomal TLR inhibition by antimalarial drugs and imidazoquinolines. J Immunol. 2011-04-15 [PMID: 21398612]
Dasgupta G, Chentoufi AA, You S et al. Engagement of TLR2 reverses the suppressor function of conjunctiva CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and promotes herpes simplex virus epitope-specific CD4+CD25- effector T cell responses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011-05-17 [PMID: 21273544] Details: Products cited: Flow (intracellular), Fig 1A ( CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells purified from rabbit conjunctiva) & Fig 2A (CD11b+ cells isolated from rabbit conjunctiva): TLR2/CD282 PE (IMG-416D), TLR3/CD283 (IMG-315D), TLR4/CD284 (IMG-417D), TLR8/CD288 (IMG
Johnston MJ, Wang A, Catarino ME et al. Extracts of the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, suppress macrophage activation in vitro and alleviate chemically induced colitis in mice. Infect Immun. 2010-03-01 [PMID: 20028812]
Menager P, Roux P, Megret F et al. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) plays a major role in the formation of rabies virus Negri Bodies. PLoS Pathog. 2009-02-01 [PMID: 19247444]
Sacre SM, Lo A, Gregory B et al. Inhibitors of TLR8 reduce TNF production from human rheumatoid synovial membrane cultures. J Immunol. 2008-12-01 [PMID: 19017992]
Cohen PA, Koski GK, Czerniecki BJ et al. STAT3- and STAT5-dependent pathways competitively regulate the pan-differentiation of CD34pos cells into tumor-competent dendritic cells. Blood. 2008-09-01 [PMID: 18577706] Details: Flow (intracellular), mouse bone marrow cells, Fig. 1E: 1. TLR3 FITC (IMG-315C) 2. TLR4 FITC (IMG-417C) 3. TLR7 (IMG-665A) 4. TLR8 FITC (IMG-321C) 5. TLR9 FITC (IMG-305C).
Burgener IA, Jungi TW. Antibodies specific for human or murine Toll-like receptors detect canine leukocytes by flow cytometry. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2008-07-15 [PMID: 18439687] Details: Canine (dog) PBMC subpopulations: 1. 10083K [IC-Flow (Intracellular Staining Flow Assay) Kit.
Kleinman ME, Yamada K, Takeda A et al. Sequence- and target-independent angiogenesis suppression by siRNA via TLR3. Nature. 2008-04-03 [PMID: 18368052]
Duffy KE, Lamb RJ, San Mateo LR et al. Down modulation of human TLR3 function by a monoclonal antibody. Cell Immunol. 2007-08-01 [PMID: 18048020]
Wong CK, Cheung PF, Ip WK et al. Intracellular signaling mechanisms regulating toll-like receptor-mediated activation of eosinophils. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2007-07-01 [PMID: 17332440] Details: Human blood eosinophils and neutrophils from buffy coat: For WB, Fig. 1A: TLR1 (IMG-5012), TLR5 (IMG-664), TLR6 (IMG-304A), TLR7 (IMG-540), TLR8 (IMG-321A), TLR9 (IMG-305A). For Flow (Intracellular) and Flow (Surface), Fig. 1B: TLR1 (IMG-5021), TLR2 (IMG-416C), TLR3 (IMG-315C), TLR4 (IMG-417C), TLR5 (IMG-663C), TLR6 (IMG-304C), TLR7 (IMG-665A), TLR8 (IMG-321C), TLR9 (IMG-305C).
Ranjith-Kumar CT, Miller W, Xiong J et al. Biochemical and functional analyses of the human Toll-like receptor 3 ectodomain. J Biol Chem. 2007-03-09 [PMID: 17209042] Details: Antibodies cited: 1. TLR3 (IMG-315A) [WB, Fig1A, Fig3B, Fig4D, Fig5D, Fig7B (human TLR3 transfected cells)] 2. TLR3 (IMG-315C) [IF, Fig3C, Fig4E, Fig5E, Fig7C, Fig9D (human transfected cells)]. Antibody specificity validated by WB (IMG-315A) and by IF (IM
Xu S, Koldovsky U, Xu M et al High-avidity antitumor T-cell generation by toll receptor 8-primed, myeloid- derived dendritic cells is mediated by IL-12 production. Surgery. 2006-08-01 [PMID: 16904966] Details: Citation using the Azide Free version of this antibody.
Mansson A, Adner M, Cardell LO. Toll-like receptors in cellular subsets of human tonsil T cells: altered expression during recurrent tonsillitis. Respir Res. 2006-02-27 [PMID: 16504163] Details: Antibodies cited (human tonsils separated into cell subtypes): 1. TLR3 [IMG-315D (Flow-Intracellular), Figs 5 and 6]. 2. TLR5 [IMG-663A (Flow-Intracellular), Fig 6]. 3. TLR9 [IMG-305C (Flow-Intracellular), Fig 4.].
Francois S et al. Inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis by TLR agonists in whole blood: involvement of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt and NF-kappaB signaling pathways, leading to increased levels of Mcl-1, A1, and phosphorylated Bad J Immunol [PMID: 15749901] Details: Used the FITC form of this antibody.
Funami K, Matsumoto M, Oshiumi H et al. The cytoplasmic 'linker region' in Toll-like receptor 3 controls receptor localization and signaling. Int Immunol. 2004-08-01 [PMID: 15226270]
Show All 21 Publications. Collapse Publications.

Array NBP2-24782

• TLR3 Antibodies
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• TLR3 Proteins and Enzymes