| Reactivity | HuSpecies Glossary |
| Applications | Bioactivity |
| Additional Information | Analyzed by SEC-MALS |
| Details of Functionality | Measured by its ability to enhance IFN-gamma secretion in NK-92 human natural killer lymphoma cells. The ED50 for this effect is ≤ 8 ng/mL. |
| Source | E. coli-derived human IL-21 protein Gln32-Ser162 with a N-terminal Met |
| Accession # | |
| N-terminal Sequence | Met |
| Protein/Peptide Type | Recombinant Proteins |
| Gene | IL21 |
| Purity | >95%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Silver Staining and quantitative densitometry by Coomassie® Blue Staining. |
| Endotoxin Note | <0.10 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method. |
| Dilutions |
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| Theoretical MW | 15 kDa. Disclaimer note: The observed molecular weight of the protein may vary from the listed predicted molecular weight due to post translational modifications, post translation cleavages, relative charges, and other experimental factors. |
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| SDS-PAGE | 17 kDa, reducing conditions |
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| Publications |
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| Storage | Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
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| Buffer | Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS with BSA as a carrier protein. |
| Purity | >95%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Silver Staining and quantitative densitometry by Coomassie® Blue Staining. |
| Reconstitution Instructions | Reconstitute at 100 μg/mL in PBS containing at least 0.1% human or bovine serum albumin. |
IL-21 (Interleukin-21) is a potent cytokine regulating many cell types of the immune system. IL-21 is produced by activated T follicular helper cells (Tfh), Th17 cells, and NKT cells (2-6). Tfh-derived IL-21 plays an important role in the development of humoral immunity through its autocrine effects on the Tfh cell and paracrine effects on immunoglobulin affinity maturation, plasma cell differentiation, and B cell memory responses (4, 8, 9). IL-21 protein regulates several aspects of T cell function. It co-stimulates the activation, proliferation, and survival of CD8+ T cells and NKT cells and promotes Th17 cell polarization (3, 5, 6, 11, 12). IL-21 blocks the generation of regulatory T cells and their suppressive effects on CD4+ T cells (13, 14). In addition to its role in T cell biology, IL-21 also plays a critical role in B cell activation, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis (2). It is also required for the migration of dendritic cells to draining lymph nodes (10). And IL-21 suppresses cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions by limiting allergen-specific IgE production and mast cell degranulation (16). In the autoimmune disease Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a link between IL-21 and SLE disease susceptibility and progression was recently reported (19).
IL-21 protein exerts its biological effects through a heterodimeric receptor complex of gamma c and the IL-21-specific IL-21 R (2, 7). IL-21 is an approximately 14 kDa four-helix-bundle member of the family of cytokines that utilize the common gamma chain (gamma c) as a receptor subunit. gamma c is also a subunit of the receptors for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15 (1). IL-21 R engagement enhances the cytolytic activity and IFN-gamma production of activated NK cells but limits the expansion of resting NK cells (15). Dysregulation of the IL-21/IL-21 R system contributes to the development of multiple immunological disorders (1, 17). The 133 amino acid (aa) mature human IL-21 protein shares 63% and 61% aa sequence identity with mouse and rat IL-21 protein, respectively. Alternative splicing generates an additional isoform with a substitution of the C-terminal 16 amino acids (18).
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