Reactivity | HuSpecies Glossary |
Applications | Bioactivity |
Format | Carrier-Free |
Details of Functionality | Measured in a cell proliferation assay using B9 mouse hybridoma cells. The ED50 for this effect is 5.00-50.0 ng/mL. The specific activity of Recombinant Human IL-21 is >1.00 x 106 units/mg, which is calibrated against an internal reference standard for human IL-21. |
Source | E. coli-derived human IL-21 protein Gln32-Ser162 with a N-terminal Met Produced using non-animal reagents in an animal-free laboratory. |
Accession # | |
N-terminal Sequence | Met |
Protein/Peptide Type | Animal-Free Recombinant Proteins |
Endotoxin Note | <0.10 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method. |
Dilutions |
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Theoretical MW | 15 kDa. Disclaimer note: The observed molecular weight of the protein may vary from the listed predicted molecular weight due to post translational modifications, post translation cleavages, relative charges, and other experimental factors. |
SDS-PAGE | 15-17 kDa, under reducing conditions. |
Storage | Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
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Buffer | Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS with Trehalose. |
Reconstitution Instructions | Reconstitute 25 μg size at 250 μg/mL in PBS and all the other sizes at 500 μg/mL in PBS. |
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is an approximately 14 kDa four-helix-bundle member of the family of cytokines that utilize the common gamma chain ( gamma c) as a receptor subunit. gamma c is also a subunit of the receptors for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15 (1). IL-21 is produced by activated T follicular helper cells (Tfh), Th17 cells, and NKT cells (2-6). It exerts its biological effects through a heterodimeric receptor complex of gamma c and the IL-21-specific IL-21 R (2, 7). Tfh-derived IL-21 plays an important role in the development of humoral immunity through its autocrine effects on the Tfh cell and paracrine effects on immunoglobulin affinity maturation, plasma cell differentiation, and B cell memory responses (4, 8, 9). It is also required for the migration of dendritic cells to draining lymph nodes (10). IL-21 regulates several aspects of T cell function. It co-stimulates the activation, proliferation, and survival of CD8+ T cells and NKT cells and promotes Th17 cell polarization (3, 5, 6, 11, 12). It blocks the generation of regulatory T cells and their suppressive effects on CD4+ T cells (13, 14). IL-21 R engagement enhances the cytolytic activity and IFN-gamma production of activated NK cells but limits the expansion of resting NK cells (15). In addition, IL-21 suppresses cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions by limiting allergen-specific IgE production and mast cell degranulation (16). Dysregulation of the IL-21/IL-21 R system contributes to the development of multiple immunological disorders (1, 17). The 133 amino acid (aa) mature human IL-21 shares 63% and 61% aa sequence identity with mouse and rat IL-21, respectively. Alternative splicing generates an additional isoform with a substitution of the C-terminal 16 amino acids (18).
Perforin Antibodies Reveal Links to Apoptosis and Immune Response Perforin, also known as the pore-forming protein, pfp, is a 70 kD cytolytic protein expressed in the cytoplasmic granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells. It is one of the major effector molecules used by CTL and NK cel... Read full blog post. |
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