Recombinant Mouse IL‑10 (Catalog # 417-ML) stimulates proliferation in the MC/9‑2 mouse mast cell line in a dose-dependent manner (orange line). Proliferation elicited by Recombinant Mouse ...read more
Lymphocyte infiltrate in tumors from IL-10 deficient mice (A, C and D) or from anti-IL10/IL-10R neutralizing antibody treated mice (B, E and F). A. Single cell suspensions were stained with the indicated antibodies plus ...read more
IL-10 receptors expressed on hippocampal neurons.(A) Expression of IL-10 receptor mRNAs in hippocampal neurons. The expression of the IL-10 receptor was identified using RT-PCR. The mRNAs of IL-10 receptor alpha and ...read more
IL-10 receptors expressed on hippocampal neurons.(A) Expression of IL-10 receptor mRNAs in hippocampal neurons. The expression of the IL-10 receptor was identified using RT-PCR. The mRNAs of IL-10 receptor alpha and ...read more
IL-10 receptors expressed on hippocampal neurons.(A) Expression of IL-10 receptor mRNAs in hippocampal neurons. The expression of the IL-10 receptor was identified using RT-PCR. The mRNAs of IL-10 receptor alpha and ...read more
IL-10 receptors expressed on hippocampal neurons.(E) The induction of synaptic formation by microglia was antagonized by the neutralizing antibody of IL-10 receptor alpha . When anti-mouse IL-10 receptor alpha ...read more
S. frugiperda insect ovarian cell line Sf 21-derived recombinant mouse IL‑10 R alpha Thr24-Asn238 (Lys188Arg and Glu222Gly) Accession # Q61727
Specificity
Detects mouse IL-10 R alpha in direct ELISAs and Western blots. In direct ELISAs and Western blots, less than 25% cross-reactivity with recombinant human IL-10 R alpha is observed.
Source
N/A
Isotype
IgG
Clonality
Polyclonal
Host
Goat
Gene
IL10RA
Purity Statement
Antigen Affinity-purified
Endotoxin Note
<0.10 EU per 1 μg of the antibody by the LAL method.
Innovator's Reward
Test in a species/application not listed above to receive a full credit towards a future purchase.
Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.
1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
6 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
Buffer
Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS with Trehalose. *Small pack size (SP) is supplied either lyophilized or as a 0.2 µm filtered solution in PBS.
Preservative
No Preservative
Concentration
LYOPH
Reconstitution Instructions
Reconstitute at 0.2 mg/mL in sterile PBS.
Notes
This product is produced by and ships from R&D Systems, Inc., a Bio-Techne brand.
Alternate Names for IL-10R alpha Antibody [Unconjugated]
CD210 antigen
CDw210a
HIL-10R
IBD28
IL-10 R alpha
IL-10 receptor subunit alpha
IL10R alpha
IL-10R subunit 1
IL-10R1
IL10RA
IL-10Ra
IL10RIL-10R subunit alpha
interleukin 10 receptor, alpha
interleukin-10 receptor alpha chain
Interleukin-10 receptor subunit 1
interleukin-10 receptor subunit alpha
Background
IL-10, initially designated cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor (CSIF), is a potent immunosuppressant of macrophage functions. IL-10 is also a pleiotropic cytokine with multiple immunostimulatory as well as immunosuppressive effects on a variety of other cell types. IL-10 binds specifically and with high affinity to cell-surface receptors. Mouse and human cDNA clones encoding the ligand-binding IL-10 receptor (IL-10 R) have been isolated. The IL-10 R mRNA has been detected in all cell types that are known to respond to IL-10.
Human and mouse IL-10 receptors are structurally related to the IFN-gamma receptor. These receptors are members of the class II subgroup of the cytokine receptor superfamily. The deduced amino acid sequence of human IL-10 R is approximately 60% identical to mouse IL-10 R. Although human IL-10 has cross-species activities and is active on mouse cells, mouse IL-10 is species-specific in its actions and does not bind to the human IL-10 receptor. The human IL-10 R gene has been mapped to chromosome 11q23.3. Recombinant IL-10 soluble receptor, consisting of the extracellular domain of IL-10 R, binds IL-10 with high affinity in solution and is a potent IL-10 antagonist.
Limitations
This product is for research use only and is not approved for use in humans or in clinical diagnosis. Primary Antibodies are guaranteed for 1 year from date of receipt.
The concentration calculator allows you to quickly calculate the volume, mass or concentration of your vial. Simply enter your mass, volume, or concentration values for your reagent and the calculator will determine the rest.
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![IL-10 receptors expressed on hippocampal neurons.(A) Expression of IL-10 receptor mRNAs in hippocampal neurons. The expression of the IL-10 receptor was identified using RT-PCR. The mRNAs of IL-10 receptor alpha and beta were expressed in the hippocampal neurons. IL-10 receptor alpha was expressed mainly in hippocampal neurons of DIV 7. (1, cultured hippocampal neurons at DIV 7; 2, cultured hippocampal neurons at DIV 15; 3, mixed glial culture at DIV 7; 4, mixed glial culture at DIV 15; 5, microglia) Quantification (DIV 15 neuron/ DIV 7 neuron): IL-10 receptor alpha , 0.61; IL-10 receptor beta , 1.06. (B) Expression of IL-10 receptor proteins in cultured hippocampal neurons. Similar to the expression of mRNA, the IL-10 receptor alpha protein was expressed mainly in neurons of DIV 7. Anti-IL-10 receptor alpha antibodies (0.5 μg/ml, Santa Cruz, sc-985) were used for western blotting [27]. Quantification (DIV 15 neuron/ DIV 7 neurons): IL-10 receptor alpha , 0.73.(C) Expression of IL-10 receptor proteins in the developing rat brains. The IL-10 receptor alpha proteins were expressed mainly in the developing brains of embryonic and early postnatal days (E18~P3). Quantification of IL-10 receptor alpha : E18, 0.30; P1, 0.27; P3, 1.0; P7, 0.22; P14, 0.20; P3W, 0.17; P6W, 0.15 (E, embryonic days; P, postnatal days).(D) Images of IL-10 receptor expressions in cultured hippocampal neurons. Hippocampal neurons of DIV 6 were stained with antibodies of IL-10 receptor alpha (5 μg/ml, Santa Cruz, sc-985) (red) and MAP2 (the neuronal marker, green) after treatment with 4% formaldehyde and then -20 °C methanol. Hippocampal neurons expressed IL-10 receptor proteins comparable to spinal neurons or cortical neurons.(E) The induction of synaptic formation by microglia was antagonized by the neutralizing antibody of IL-10 receptor alpha . When anti-mouse IL-10 receptor alpha antibody was applied to the co-culture of mouse microglia and mouse hippocampal neurons, the density of dendritic spines was significantly decreased compared with the control (without anti-IL-10 receptor antibody). Means±SEM. n=30 dendrites for no microglia without anti-IL-10 receptor antibody, 29 for the application of microglia only, 29 for no microglia with anti-IL-10 receptor antibody only, 29 for microglia with anti-IL-10 receptor antibody. ***p<0.001 by the Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test after application of one-way ANOVA, F=17.35, p<0.0001.(F) The induction of synaptic formation via microglia was not antagonized by the blocking antibody of TNF alpha . When anti-rat TNF alpha antibody was applied to the co-culture of rat microglia and rat hippocampal neurons, the density of dendritic spine was not decreased compared with control (without anti-TNF alpha antibody). Means±SEM. n=27 dendrites for no microglia without anti-TNF alpha antibody, 28 for the application of microglia only, 29 for no microglia with anti-TNF alpha receptor antibody only, 27 for microglia with anti-TNF alpha antibody. **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001 by the Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test after application of one-way ANOVA, F=9.104, p<0.0001. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following open publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24278397), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/af-474-na_mouse-il-10-r-alpha-affinity-purified-polyclonal-ab-8220249501921.jpg "IL-10 receptors expressed on hippocampal neurons.(A) Expression of IL-10 receptor mRNAs in hippocampal neurons. The expression of the IL-10 receptor was identified using RT-PCR. The mRNAs of IL-10 receptor alpha and beta were expressed in the hippocampal neurons. IL-10 receptor alpha was expressed mainly in hippocampal neurons of DIV 7. (1, cultured hippocampal neurons at DIV 7; 2, cultured hippocampal neurons at DIV 15; 3, mixed glial culture at DIV 7; 4, mixed glial culture at DIV 15; 5, microglia) Quantification (DIV 15 neuron/ DIV 7 neuron): IL-10 receptor alpha , 0.61; IL-10 receptor beta , 1.06. (B) Expression of IL-10 receptor proteins in cultured hippocampal neurons. Similar to the expression of mRNA, the IL-10 receptor alpha protein was expressed mainly in neurons of DIV 7. Anti-IL-10 receptor alpha antibodies (0.5 μg/ml, Santa Cruz, sc-985) were used for western blotting [27]. Quantification (DIV 15 neuron/ DIV 7 neurons): IL-10 receptor alpha , 0.73.(C) Expression of IL-10 receptor proteins in the developing rat brains. The IL-10 receptor alpha proteins were expressed mainly in the developing brains of embryonic and early postnatal days (E18~P3). Quantification of IL-10 receptor alpha : E18, 0.30; P1, 0.27; P3, 1.0; P7, 0.22; P14, 0.20; P3W, 0.17; P6W, 0.15 (E, embryonic days; P, postnatal days).(D) Images of IL-10 receptor expressions in cultured hippocampal neurons. Hippocampal neurons of DIV 6 were stained with antibodies of IL-10 receptor alpha (5 μg/ml, Santa Cruz, sc-985) (red) and MAP2 (the neuronal marker, green) after treatment with 4% formaldehyde and then -20 °C methanol. Hippocampal neurons expressed IL-10 receptor proteins comparable to spinal neurons or cortical neurons.(E) The induction of synaptic formation by microglia was antagonized by the neutralizing antibody of IL-10 receptor alpha . When anti-mouse IL-10 receptor alpha antibody was applied to the co-culture of mouse microglia and mouse hippocampal neurons, the density of dendritic spines was significantly decreased compared with the control (without anti-IL-10 receptor antibody). Means±SEM. n=30 dendrites for no microglia without anti-IL-10 receptor antibody, 29 for the application of microglia only, 29 for no microglia with anti-IL-10 receptor antibody only, 29 for microglia with anti-IL-10 receptor antibody. ***p<0.001 by the Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test after application of one-way ANOVA, F=17.35, p<0.0001.(F) The induction of synaptic formation via microglia was not antagonized by the blocking antibody of TNF alpha . When anti-rat TNF alpha antibody was applied to the co-culture of rat microglia and rat hippocampal neurons, the density of dendritic spine was not decreased compared with control (without anti-TNF alpha antibody). Means±SEM. n=27 dendrites for no microglia without anti-TNF alpha antibody, 28 for the application of microglia only, 29 for no microglia with anti-TNF alpha receptor antibody only, 27 for microglia with anti-TNF alpha antibody. **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001 by the Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test after application of one-way ANOVA, F=9.104, p<0.0001. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following open publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24278397), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.")
![IL-10 receptors expressed on hippocampal neurons.(A) Expression of IL-10 receptor mRNAs in hippocampal neurons. The expression of the IL-10 receptor was identified using RT-PCR. The mRNAs of IL-10 receptor alpha and beta were expressed in the hippocampal neurons. IL-10 receptor alpha was expressed mainly in hippocampal neurons of DIV 7. (1, cultured hippocampal neurons at DIV 7; 2, cultured hippocampal neurons at DIV 15; 3, mixed glial culture at DIV 7; 4, mixed glial culture at DIV 15; 5, microglia) Quantification (DIV 15 neuron/ DIV 7 neuron): IL-10 receptor alpha , 0.61; IL-10 receptor beta , 1.06. (B) Expression of IL-10 receptor proteins in cultured hippocampal neurons. Similar to the expression of mRNA, the IL-10 receptor alpha protein was expressed mainly in neurons of DIV 7. Anti-IL-10 receptor alpha antibodies (0.5 μg/ml, Santa Cruz, sc-985) were used for western blotting [27]. Quantification (DIV 15 neuron/ DIV 7 neurons): IL-10 receptor alpha , 0.73.(C) Expression of IL-10 receptor proteins in the developing rat brains. The IL-10 receptor alpha proteins were expressed mainly in the developing brains of embryonic and early postnatal days (E18~P3). Quantification of IL-10 receptor alpha : E18, 0.30; P1, 0.27; P3, 1.0; P7, 0.22; P14, 0.20; P3W, 0.17; P6W, 0.15 (E, embryonic days; P, postnatal days).(D) Images of IL-10 receptor expressions in cultured hippocampal neurons. Hippocampal neurons of DIV 6 were stained with antibodies of IL-10 receptor alpha (5 μg/ml, Santa Cruz, sc-985) (red) and MAP2 (the neuronal marker, green) after treatment with 4% formaldehyde and then -20 °C methanol. Hippocampal neurons expressed IL-10 receptor proteins comparable to spinal neurons or cortical neurons.(E) The induction of synaptic formation by microglia was antagonized by the neutralizing antibody of IL-10 receptor alpha . When anti-mouse IL-10 receptor alpha antibody was applied to the co-culture of mouse microglia and mouse hippocampal neurons, the density of dendritic spines was significantly decreased compared with the control (without anti-IL-10 receptor antibody). Means±SEM. n=30 dendrites for no microglia without anti-IL-10 receptor antibody, 29 for the application of microglia only, 29 for no microglia with anti-IL-10 receptor antibody only, 29 for microglia with anti-IL-10 receptor antibody. ***p<0.001 by the Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test after application of one-way ANOVA, F=17.35, p<0.0001.(F) The induction of synaptic formation via microglia was not antagonized by the blocking antibody of TNF alpha . When anti-rat TNF alpha antibody was applied to the co-culture of rat microglia and rat hippocampal neurons, the density of dendritic spine was not decreased compared with control (without anti-TNF alpha antibody). Means±SEM. n=27 dendrites for no microglia without anti-TNF alpha antibody, 28 for the application of microglia only, 29 for no microglia with anti-TNF alpha receptor antibody only, 27 for microglia with anti-TNF alpha antibody. **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001 by the Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test after application of one-way ANOVA, F=9.104, p<0.0001. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following open publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24278397), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/af-474-na_mouse-il-10-r-alpha-affinity-purified-polyclonal-ab-8220249501918.jpg "IL-10 receptors expressed on hippocampal neurons.(A) Expression of IL-10 receptor mRNAs in hippocampal neurons. The expression of the IL-10 receptor was identified using RT-PCR. The mRNAs of IL-10 receptor alpha and beta were expressed in the hippocampal neurons. IL-10 receptor alpha was expressed mainly in hippocampal neurons of DIV 7. (1, cultured hippocampal neurons at DIV 7; 2, cultured hippocampal neurons at DIV 15; 3, mixed glial culture at DIV 7; 4, mixed glial culture at DIV 15; 5, microglia) Quantification (DIV 15 neuron/ DIV 7 neuron): IL-10 receptor alpha , 0.61; IL-10 receptor beta , 1.06. (B) Expression of IL-10 receptor proteins in cultured hippocampal neurons. Similar to the expression of mRNA, the IL-10 receptor alpha protein was expressed mainly in neurons of DIV 7. Anti-IL-10 receptor alpha antibodies (0.5 μg/ml, Santa Cruz, sc-985) were used for western blotting [27]. Quantification (DIV 15 neuron/ DIV 7 neurons): IL-10 receptor alpha , 0.73.(C) Expression of IL-10 receptor proteins in the developing rat brains. The IL-10 receptor alpha proteins were expressed mainly in the developing brains of embryonic and early postnatal days (E18~P3). Quantification of IL-10 receptor alpha : E18, 0.30; P1, 0.27; P3, 1.0; P7, 0.22; P14, 0.20; P3W, 0.17; P6W, 0.15 (E, embryonic days; P, postnatal days).(D) Images of IL-10 receptor expressions in cultured hippocampal neurons. Hippocampal neurons of DIV 6 were stained with antibodies of IL-10 receptor alpha (5 μg/ml, Santa Cruz, sc-985) (red) and MAP2 (the neuronal marker, green) after treatment with 4% formaldehyde and then -20 °C methanol. Hippocampal neurons expressed IL-10 receptor proteins comparable to spinal neurons or cortical neurons.(E) The induction of synaptic formation by microglia was antagonized by the neutralizing antibody of IL-10 receptor alpha . When anti-mouse IL-10 receptor alpha antibody was applied to the co-culture of mouse microglia and mouse hippocampal neurons, the density of dendritic spines was significantly decreased compared with the control (without anti-IL-10 receptor antibody). Means±SEM. n=30 dendrites for no microglia without anti-IL-10 receptor antibody, 29 for the application of microglia only, 29 for no microglia with anti-IL-10 receptor antibody only, 29 for microglia with anti-IL-10 receptor antibody. ***p<0.001 by the Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test after application of one-way ANOVA, F=17.35, p<0.0001.(F) The induction of synaptic formation via microglia was not antagonized by the blocking antibody of TNF alpha . When anti-rat TNF alpha antibody was applied to the co-culture of rat microglia and rat hippocampal neurons, the density of dendritic spine was not decreased compared with control (without anti-TNF alpha antibody). Means±SEM. n=27 dendrites for no microglia without anti-TNF alpha antibody, 28 for the application of microglia only, 29 for no microglia with anti-TNF alpha receptor antibody only, 27 for microglia with anti-TNF alpha antibody. **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001 by the Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test after application of one-way ANOVA, F=9.104, p<0.0001. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following open publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24278397), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.")
![IL-10 receptors expressed on hippocampal neurons.(A) Expression of IL-10 receptor mRNAs in hippocampal neurons. The expression of the IL-10 receptor was identified using RT-PCR. The mRNAs of IL-10 receptor alpha and beta were expressed in the hippocampal neurons. IL-10 receptor alpha was expressed mainly in hippocampal neurons of DIV 7. (1, cultured hippocampal neurons at DIV 7; 2, cultured hippocampal neurons at DIV 15; 3, mixed glial culture at DIV 7; 4, mixed glial culture at DIV 15; 5, microglia) Quantification (DIV 15 neuron/ DIV 7 neuron): IL-10 receptor alpha , 0.61; IL-10 receptor beta , 1.06. (B) Expression of IL-10 receptor proteins in cultured hippocampal neurons. Similar to the expression of mRNA, the IL-10 receptor alpha protein was expressed mainly in neurons of DIV 7. Anti-IL-10 receptor alpha antibodies (0.5 μg/ml, Santa Cruz, sc-985) were used for western blotting [27]. Quantification (DIV 15 neuron/ DIV 7 neurons): IL-10 receptor alpha , 0.73.(C) Expression of IL-10 receptor proteins in the developing rat brains. The IL-10 receptor alpha proteins were expressed mainly in the developing brains of embryonic and early postnatal days (E18~P3). Quantification of IL-10 receptor alpha : E18, 0.30; P1, 0.27; P3, 1.0; P7, 0.22; P14, 0.20; P3W, 0.17; P6W, 0.15 (E, embryonic days; P, postnatal days).(D) Images of IL-10 receptor expressions in cultured hippocampal neurons. Hippocampal neurons of DIV 6 were stained with antibodies of IL-10 receptor alpha (5 μg/ml, Santa Cruz, sc-985) (red) and MAP2 (the neuronal marker, green) after treatment with 4% formaldehyde and then -20 °C methanol. Hippocampal neurons expressed IL-10 receptor proteins comparable to spinal neurons or cortical neurons.(E) The induction of synaptic formation by microglia was antagonized by the neutralizing antibody of IL-10 receptor alpha . When anti-mouse IL-10 receptor alpha antibody was applied to the co-culture of mouse microglia and mouse hippocampal neurons, the density of dendritic spines was significantly decreased compared with the control (without anti-IL-10 receptor antibody). Means±SEM. n=30 dendrites for no microglia without anti-IL-10 receptor antibody, 29 for the application of microglia only, 29 for no microglia with anti-IL-10 receptor antibody only, 29 for microglia with anti-IL-10 receptor antibody. ***p<0.001 by the Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test after application of one-way ANOVA, F=17.35, p<0.0001.(F) The induction of synaptic formation via microglia was not antagonized by the blocking antibody of TNF alpha . When anti-rat TNF alpha antibody was applied to the co-culture of rat microglia and rat hippocampal neurons, the density of dendritic spine was not decreased compared with control (without anti-TNF alpha antibody). Means±SEM. n=27 dendrites for no microglia without anti-TNF alpha antibody, 28 for the application of microglia only, 29 for no microglia with anti-TNF alpha receptor antibody only, 27 for microglia with anti-TNF alpha antibody. **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001 by the Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test after application of one-way ANOVA, F=9.104, p<0.0001. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following open publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24278397), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/af-474-na_mouse-il-10-r-alpha-affinity-purified-polyclonal-ab-8220249504613.jpg "IL-10 receptors expressed on hippocampal neurons.(A) Expression of IL-10 receptor mRNAs in hippocampal neurons. The expression of the IL-10 receptor was identified using RT-PCR. The mRNAs of IL-10 receptor alpha and beta were expressed in the hippocampal neurons. IL-10 receptor alpha was expressed mainly in hippocampal neurons of DIV 7. (1, cultured hippocampal neurons at DIV 7; 2, cultured hippocampal neurons at DIV 15; 3, mixed glial culture at DIV 7; 4, mixed glial culture at DIV 15; 5, microglia) Quantification (DIV 15 neuron/ DIV 7 neuron): IL-10 receptor alpha , 0.61; IL-10 receptor beta , 1.06. (B) Expression of IL-10 receptor proteins in cultured hippocampal neurons. Similar to the expression of mRNA, the IL-10 receptor alpha protein was expressed mainly in neurons of DIV 7. Anti-IL-10 receptor alpha antibodies (0.5 μg/ml, Santa Cruz, sc-985) were used for western blotting [27]. Quantification (DIV 15 neuron/ DIV 7 neurons): IL-10 receptor alpha , 0.73.(C) Expression of IL-10 receptor proteins in the developing rat brains. The IL-10 receptor alpha proteins were expressed mainly in the developing brains of embryonic and early postnatal days (E18~P3). Quantification of IL-10 receptor alpha : E18, 0.30; P1, 0.27; P3, 1.0; P7, 0.22; P14, 0.20; P3W, 0.17; P6W, 0.15 (E, embryonic days; P, postnatal days).(D) Images of IL-10 receptor expressions in cultured hippocampal neurons. Hippocampal neurons of DIV 6 were stained with antibodies of IL-10 receptor alpha (5 μg/ml, Santa Cruz, sc-985) (red) and MAP2 (the neuronal marker, green) after treatment with 4% formaldehyde and then -20 °C methanol. Hippocampal neurons expressed IL-10 receptor proteins comparable to spinal neurons or cortical neurons.(E) The induction of synaptic formation by microglia was antagonized by the neutralizing antibody of IL-10 receptor alpha . When anti-mouse IL-10 receptor alpha antibody was applied to the co-culture of mouse microglia and mouse hippocampal neurons, the density of dendritic spines was significantly decreased compared with the control (without anti-IL-10 receptor antibody). Means±SEM. n=30 dendrites for no microglia without anti-IL-10 receptor antibody, 29 for the application of microglia only, 29 for no microglia with anti-IL-10 receptor antibody only, 29 for microglia with anti-IL-10 receptor antibody. ***p<0.001 by the Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test after application of one-way ANOVA, F=17.35, p<0.0001.(F) The induction of synaptic formation via microglia was not antagonized by the blocking antibody of TNF alpha . When anti-rat TNF alpha antibody was applied to the co-culture of rat microglia and rat hippocampal neurons, the density of dendritic spine was not decreased compared with control (without anti-TNF alpha antibody). Means±SEM. n=27 dendrites for no microglia without anti-TNF alpha antibody, 28 for the application of microglia only, 29 for no microglia with anti-TNF alpha receptor antibody only, 27 for microglia with anti-TNF alpha antibody. **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001 by the Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test after application of one-way ANOVA, F=9.104, p<0.0001. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following open publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24278397), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.")
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