LC3 Antibody Pack

Autophagy (macroautophagy) is a catabolic process which targets intracellular components such as proteins and organelles for degradation. Originally described as a bulk degradation process, current research supports its selective nature (1). Selective autophagy targets specific cellular components for degradation including the endoplasmic reticulum (2) (ER-phagy), mitochondria3 (mitophagy), peroxisomes (3) (pexophagy), ribosomes (4) (ribophagy) and bacteria (5) (xenophagy). Autophagy relies on a newly formed phagophore, a membrane structure which elongates, sequesters cellular content, and fuses to form a double membrane vesicle known as the autophagosome. Fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes gives rise to the autophagolysosome, where cellular components are degraded by lysosome hydrolases (1).

Autophagic flux is supported by autophagy-related proteins (Atgs) initially identified in yeast (6,7). The core autophagy machinery is comprised of 17 Atg proteins that play specific roles in autophagosome formation. Among these Atg proteins, Atg8 is not only involved in autophagosome formation but also functions in cargo selection. In mammals, several Atg8 homologues have been identified including microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha, beta and gamma - LC3A, LC3B, and LC3C (8) respectively, as well as GABA type A receptor-associated protein (GABARAP), GABARAP-Like1, and GABARAP-Like2 (9). LC3 (predicted molecular weight 14kD) is ubiquitously expressed and undergoes posttranslational processing after synthesis. First, the cysteine protease Atg4 cleaves a carboxy terminal sequence to generate the cytosolic form LC3-I. Next, E1-like (Atg7) and E2-like (Atg3) enzymes conjugate phosphatidylethanolamine to the newly exposed carboxyterminal glycine, generating LC3-II. Finally, the Atg12-Atg5-Atg16L1 complex participates in LC3 lipidation and autophagosome formation (10). LC3B-I to LC3B-II conversion correlates with autophagosome number and is considered the best marker to monitor autophagy.

References

1. Yu, L., Chen, Y., & Tooze, S. A. (2018). Autophagy pathway: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Autophagy. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2017.1378838

2. Forrester, A., De Leonibus, C., Grumati, P., Fasana, E., Piemontese, M., Staiano, L., ... Settembre, C. (2019). A selective ER-phagy exerts procollagen quality control via a Calnexin-FAM 134B complex. The EMBO Journal. https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.201899847

3. He, X., Zhu, Y., Zhang, Y., Geng, Y., Gong, J., Geng, J., ... Zhong, H. (2019). RNF34 functions in immunity and selective mitophagy by targeting MAVS for autophagic degradation. The EMBO Journal. https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2018100978

4. Mathai, B., Meijer, A., & Simonsen, A. (2017). Studying Autophagy in Zebrafish. Cells. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells6030021

5. Losier, T. T., Akuma, M., McKee-Muir, O. C., LeBlond, N. D., Suk, Y., Alsaadi, R. M., ... Russell, R. C. (2019). AMPK Promotes Xenophagy through Priming of Autophagic Kinases upon Detection of Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles. Cell Reports. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.062

6. Nakatogawa, H., Suzuki, K., Kamada, Y., & Ohsumi, Y. (2009). Dynamics and diversity in autophagy mechanisms: Lessons from yeast. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm2708

7. Tsukada, M., & Ohsumi, Y. (1993). Isolation and characterization of autophagy-defective mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(93)80398-E

8. Wild, P., McEwan, D. G., & Dikic, I. (2014). The LC3 interactome at a glance. Journal of Cell Science. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.140426

9. Igloi, G. L. (2001). Cloning, expression patterns, and chromosome localization of three human and two mouse homologues of GABAA receptor-associated protein. Genomics. https://doi.org/10.1006/geno.2001.6555

10. Glick, D., Barth, S., & Macleod, K. F. (2010). Autophagy: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Journal of Pathology. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.2697

This product is for research use only and is not approved for use in humans or in clinical diagnosis. Antibody Packs are guaranteed for 1 year from date of receipt.

We have publications tested in 4 confirmed species: Human, Mouse, Rat, Fish.

We have publications tested in 3 applications: ICC/IF, IF/IHC, WB.

Showing Publications 1 - 10 of 14. Show All 14 Publications. Collapse Publications.

Publications using NB910-40435	Applications	Species
Wang Y, Zhao H, Nie X et al. Zinc application alleviates the adverse renal effects of arsenic stress in a protein quality control way in common carp Environ. Res. 2020-08-17 [PMID: 32818499] (WB, Fish)	WB	Fish
Wang SL, Shao BZ, Zhao SB et al. Intestinal autophagy links psychosocial stress with gut microbiota to promote inflammatory bowel disease Cell Death Dis [PMID: 31564717] (WB, Mouse)	WB	Mouse
Ye B, Wang Q, et al. Restoring autophagic flux attenuates cochlear spiral ganglion neuron degeneration by promoting TFEB nuclear translocation via inhibiting MTOR. Autophagy 2019-06-01 [PMID: 30706760] (WB, ICC/IF, Mouse)	WB, ICC/IF	Mouse
Wu A, Hu P, Lin J et al. Activating Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Protects Against Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Through Autophagy Induction. BMC Cancer. 2018-11-15 [PMID: 30459625] (WB, Mouse)	WB	Mouse
Kang I, Lee BC, Lee JY et al. Stem cell-secreted 14,15- epoxyeicosatrienoic acid rescues cholesterol homeostasis and autophagic flux in Niemann-Pick-type C disease. Arch Med Sci. 2018-10-01 [PMID: 30429460] (WB, Mouse)	WB	Mouse
Xie Q, Liu M, Yan YF et al. Exogenous tetranectin protects against MPP+-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting apoptosis and autophagy through p70S6K1 World Neurosurg 2018-10-17 [PMID: 30342268] (WB, Human)	WB	Human
Xie W, Zheng W, Liu M et al. BRF1 ameliorates LPS-induced inflammation through autophagy crosstalking with MAPK/ERK signaling Genes Dis 2018-09-01 [PMID: 30320187] (ICC/IF, Mouse)	ICC/IF	Mouse
Song R, Yang Y, Lei H et al. HDAC6 inhibition protects cardiomyocytes against doxorubicin-induced acute damage by improving a-tubulin acetylation J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 2018-10-10 [PMID: 30315806] (WB, Rat)	WB	Rat
An Q, Yan W, Zhao Y, Yu K. Enhanced neutrophil autophagy and increased concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and MCP-1 in rheumatoid arthritis Int. Immunopharmacol. 2018-10-09 [PMID: 30312880] (IF/IHC, ICC/IF, Human)	IF/IHC, ICC/IF	Human
Bao J, Shi Y, Tao M et al. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA attenuates hyperuricemic nephropathy Clin. Sci. 2018-10-07 [PMID: 30293967] (WB, Rat)	WB	Rat
Wu Y, Li D, Wang Y, Liu X. Beta-Defensin 2 and 3 Promote Bacterial Clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Inhibiting Macrophage Autophagy through Downregulation of Early Growth Response Gene-1 and c-FOS. Front. Immunol. 2018-02-13 [PMID: 29487594] (Human)		Human
Chung H, Choi J, Park S Ghrelin protects adult rat hippocampal neural stem cells from excessive autophagy during oxygen-glucose deprivation Endocr. J. 2017-10-21 [PMID: 29057768] (WB, Rat, Human)	WB	Rat, Human
Zhou Q, Luo D, Li T et al. Bone fracture in a rat femoral fracture model is associated with the activation of autophagy. Exp Ther Med 2015-11-01 [PMID: 26640535] (IF/IHC, Rat)	IF/IHC	Rat
Cadwell K, Liu JY, Brown SL et al. A key role for autophagy and the autophagy gene Atg16l1 in mouse and human intestinal Paneth cells. Nature;456(7219):259-63. 2008-11-13 [PMID: 18849966]
Show All 14 Publications. Collapse Publications.

Images	Ratings	Applications	Species	Date	Details
	5 reviewed by: Christiana Doulami	ICC	Mouse	02/12/2019	View Summary Application Immunocytochemistry Sample Tested Human cell Species Mouse Lot NB100-2341
Enlarge	5 reviewed by: Verified Customer	WB	Mouse	07/11/2014	View Summary Application Western Blot Species Mouse Lot S-2
Enlarge	5 reviewed by: Verified Customer	IHC	Mouse	04/29/2014	View Summary Application Immunohistochemistry Sample Tested Human Brain Species Mouse Lot NB100-2331

Array NB910-40435

• LC3 Antibody
• LC3 Antibody Packs
• LC3 Protein