| Reactivity | MuSpecies Glossary |
| Applications | WB, IHC, IP, ELISA(Cap) |
| Clonality | Polyclonal |
| Host | Goat |
| Conjugate | Unconjugated |
| Concentration | LYOPH |
| Immunogen | Mouse myeloma cell line NS0-derived recombinant mouse Clusterin Glu22-Glu448 Accession # Q06890 |
| Specificity | Detects mouse Clusterin in ELISAs and Western blots. In sandwich ELISAs, approximately 5% cross-reactivity with recombinant human Clusterin is observed. |
| Source | N/A |
| Isotype | IgG |
| Clonality | Polyclonal |
| Host | Goat |
| Gene | Clu |
| Purity Statement | Antigen Affinity-purified |
| Innovator's Reward | Test in a species/application not listed above to receive a full credit towards a future purchase. |
| Dilutions |
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| Application Notes | ELISA Capture: Mouse Clusterin Antibody (Catalog # AF2747) ELISA Detection: Mouse Clusterin Biotinylated Antibody (Catalog # BAF2747) Standard: Recombinant Mouse Clusterin (Catalog # 2747-HS) |
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| Publications |
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| Storage | Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
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| Buffer | Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS with Trehalose. *Small pack size (SP) is supplied either lyophilized or as a 0.2 µm filtered solution in PBS. |
| Preservative | No Preservative |
| Concentration | LYOPH |
| Reconstitution Instructions | Reconstitute at 0.2 mg/mL in sterile PBS. |
Clusterin, also known as Apolipoprotein J, Sulfated Glycoprotein 2 (SGP-2), TRPM-2, and SP-40,40, is a secreted multifunctional protein that was named for its ability to induce cellular clustering. It binds a wide range of molecules and may function as a chaperone of misfolded extracellular proteins. It also participates in the control of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis (1, 2). Clusterin is predominantly expressed in adult testis, ovary, adrenal gland, liver, heart, and brain and in many epithelial tissues during embryonic development (3). Mouse Clusterin is synthesized as a precursor that contains two coiled coil domains, two nuclear localization signals (NLS), and one heparin binding domain (3-6). Intracellular cleavages of the precursor remove the signal peptide and generate comparably sized alpha and beta chains which are secreted as an 80 kDa N-glycosylated disulfide-linked heterodimer (7, 8). Mature mouse Clusterin shares 77% and 93% amino acid sequence identity with human and rat Clusterin, respectively. High μg/mL concentrations of Clusterin circulate predominantly as a component of high density lipoprotein particles, and these are internalized and degraded through interactions with LRP-2/Megalin (9, 10). In human, an alternately spliced 50 kDa isoform of Clusterin (nCLU) lacks the signal peptide and remains intracellular (5, 11). This molecule is neither glycosylated nor cleaved into alpha and beta chains (11). In the cytoplasm, nCLU destabilizes the actin cytoskeleton and inhibits NF kappa B activation (12, 13). Cellular exposure to ionizing radiation promotes the translocation of nCLU to the nucleus where it interacts with Ku70 and promotes apoptosis (5, 11). This function contrasts with the cytoprotective effect of secreted Clusterin (14). During colon cancer tumor progression there is a downregulation of the intracellular form and an upregulation of the glycosylated secreted form (11).
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Secondary Antibodies |
Isotype Controls |
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![Conservation of clusterin‐dependent alpha ‐synuclein preformed fibrils (pffs) uptake from mouse to human astrocytes. (a) Representative image of hiAstrocytes (27 days of differentiation) treated with * alpha ‐synuclein pffs for 48 hr. Scale bar 10 μm. (b) Cell lysates from hiAstrocytes (27 days of differentiation) treated with alpha ‐synuclein pffs, or monomeric alpha ‐synuclein (m), for 48 hr were subjected to immunoblotting using alpha ‐synuclein and GAPDH antibodies. Asterisks in the alpha ‐synuclein immunoblot indicate alpha ‐synuclein nonspecific bands. (c) Medium from hiAstrocytes (27 days of differentiation) treated with alpha ‐synuclein pffs, or monomeric alpha ‐synuclein (M), for 48 hr were subjected to immunoblotting using clusterin antibody. Ponceau‐S staining was used as loading control. (d) Quantification of clusterin is normalized to GAPDH protein of cell lysates. Data are representative of three independent experiments and are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using unpaired t test; *p = .0446. (e) Cell lysates from hiAstrocytes (31 days of differentiation) transfected with negative control (NC) or clusterin siRNA for 24 hr were subjected to immunoblotting using clusterin and GAPDH antibodies. Asterisk in the clusterin immunoblot indicates clusterin nonspecific band. (f) Quantification of clusterin precursor is normalized to GAPDH. Data are representative of three independent experiments and are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using unpaired t test; *p = .0165. (g) Representative images of hiAstrocytes (35 days of differentiation) transfected with NC or clusterin siRNA and treated with * alpha ‐synuclein pffs for 24 hr. Scale bar 10 μm. (h) Quantification of * alpha ‐synuclein pffs is shown as mean of fluorescence intensity from three independent experiments (~50 cells per experiment). Quantification of * alpha ‐synuclein pffs is calculated as fluorescence intensity divided by the cell area (μm2). Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using unpaired t test; *p = .0178. Individual points of the graphs represent each single experiment [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33045109), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/af2747_mouse-clusterin-affinity-purified-polyclonal-ab-41202412402536.jpg "Conservation of clusterin‐dependent alpha ‐synuclein preformed fibrils (pffs) uptake from mouse to human astrocytes. (a) Representative image of hiAstrocytes (27 days of differentiation) treated with * alpha ‐synuclein pffs for 48 hr. Scale bar 10 μm. (b) Cell lysates from hiAstrocytes (27 days of differentiation) treated with alpha ‐synuclein pffs, or monomeric alpha ‐synuclein (m), for 48 hr were subjected to immunoblotting using alpha ‐synuclein and GAPDH antibodies. Asterisks in the alpha ‐synuclein immunoblot indicate alpha ‐synuclein nonspecific bands. (c) Medium from hiAstrocytes (27 days of differentiation) treated with alpha ‐synuclein pffs, or monomeric alpha ‐synuclein (M), for 48 hr were subjected to immunoblotting using clusterin antibody. Ponceau‐S staining was used as loading control. (d) Quantification of clusterin is normalized to GAPDH protein of cell lysates. Data are representative of three independent experiments and are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using unpaired t test; *p = .0446. (e) Cell lysates from hiAstrocytes (31 days of differentiation) transfected with negative control (NC) or clusterin siRNA for 24 hr were subjected to immunoblotting using clusterin and GAPDH antibodies. Asterisk in the clusterin immunoblot indicates clusterin nonspecific band. (f) Quantification of clusterin precursor is normalized to GAPDH. Data are representative of three independent experiments and are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using unpaired t test; *p = .0165. (g) Representative images of hiAstrocytes (35 days of differentiation) transfected with NC or clusterin siRNA and treated with * alpha ‐synuclein pffs for 24 hr. Scale bar 10 μm. (h) Quantification of * alpha ‐synuclein pffs is shown as mean of fluorescence intensity from three independent experiments (~50 cells per experiment). Quantification of * alpha ‐synuclein pffs is calculated as fluorescence intensity divided by the cell area (μm2). Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using unpaired t test; *p = .0178. Individual points of the graphs represent each single experiment [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33045109), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.")
![Extracellular clusterin limits the uptake of alpha ‐synuclein preformed fibrils (pffs) by murine primary astrocytes. (a) Cell lysates from clusterin wild‐type (WT) and knock‐out (KO) astrocytes were subjected to immunoblotting using clusterin and GAPDH antibodies. Asterisk indicates clusterin precursor. (b) Maximum intensity Z‐projection confocal images of clusterin WT and KO astrocytes treated with * alpha ‐synuclein pffs for 4 hr. Scale bar 5 μm. (c) Quantification of * alpha ‐synuclein pffs is shown as mean of fluorescence intensity from six independent experiments (~50 cells per experiment). Quantification of * alpha ‐synuclein pffs is calculated as fluorescence intensity divided by the cell area (μm2). Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using unpaired t test; *p = .0315. (d) Cell lysates from clusterin WT and KO primary astrocytes treated with pffs for 16 hr were subjected to immunoblotting using alpha ‐synuclein and GAPDH antibodies. (e) Quantification of intracellular alpha ‐synuclein is normalized to GAPDH protein. Data are representative of eight independent experiments and are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using unpaired t test; *p = .0239. (f) Cell lysates from clusterin KO primary astrocytes treated with pffs for 16 hr in a medium containing or not containing extracellular clusterin were subjected to immunoblotting using alpha ‐synuclein, clusterin and GAPDH antibodies. (g) Quantification of intracellular alpha ‐synuclein is normalized to GAPDH protein. Data are representative of four independent experiments and are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using unpaired t test; *p = .0134. (h) Cell lysates from clusterin WT and KO primary astrocytes treated with pffs and chloroquine (CQ) for 16 hr were subjected to immunoblotting using alpha ‐synuclein and GAPDH antibodies. (i) Quantification of intracellular alpha ‐synuclein normalized to GAPDH protein. Data are representative of six independent experiments and are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using unpaired t test; *p = .0377. Individual points of the graphs represent each single experiment [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33045109), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/af2747_mouse-clusterin-affinity-purified-polyclonal-ab-41202412403576.jpg "Extracellular clusterin limits the uptake of alpha ‐synuclein preformed fibrils (pffs) by murine primary astrocytes. (a) Cell lysates from clusterin wild‐type (WT) and knock‐out (KO) astrocytes were subjected to immunoblotting using clusterin and GAPDH antibodies. Asterisk indicates clusterin precursor. (b) Maximum intensity Z‐projection confocal images of clusterin WT and KO astrocytes treated with * alpha ‐synuclein pffs for 4 hr. Scale bar 5 μm. (c) Quantification of * alpha ‐synuclein pffs is shown as mean of fluorescence intensity from six independent experiments (~50 cells per experiment). Quantification of * alpha ‐synuclein pffs is calculated as fluorescence intensity divided by the cell area (μm2). Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using unpaired t test; *p = .0315. (d) Cell lysates from clusterin WT and KO primary astrocytes treated with pffs for 16 hr were subjected to immunoblotting using alpha ‐synuclein and GAPDH antibodies. (e) Quantification of intracellular alpha ‐synuclein is normalized to GAPDH protein. Data are representative of eight independent experiments and are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using unpaired t test; *p = .0239. (f) Cell lysates from clusterin KO primary astrocytes treated with pffs for 16 hr in a medium containing or not containing extracellular clusterin were subjected to immunoblotting using alpha ‐synuclein, clusterin and GAPDH antibodies. (g) Quantification of intracellular alpha ‐synuclein is normalized to GAPDH protein. Data are representative of four independent experiments and are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using unpaired t test; *p = .0134. (h) Cell lysates from clusterin WT and KO primary astrocytes treated with pffs and chloroquine (CQ) for 16 hr were subjected to immunoblotting using alpha ‐synuclein and GAPDH antibodies. (i) Quantification of intracellular alpha ‐synuclein normalized to GAPDH protein. Data are representative of six independent experiments and are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using unpaired t test; *p = .0377. Individual points of the graphs represent each single experiment [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33045109), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.")
![Clusterin protein levels are increased in two different animal models of Parkinson's disease. (a) Lysates from contralateral and ipsilateral ventral midbrain of mice injected with adeno‐associated virus (AAV)‐h alpha ‐synuclein and sacrificed after 8 weeks were subjected to immunoblotting using clusterin and GAPDH antibodies. (b) Quantification of total cleaved clusterin is normalized to GAPDH protein. Data are representative of five animals and are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using one‐sample t test; *p = .0253. (c) Representative images of clusterin‐GFAP double labeling in the ipsilateral and contralateral striatum of mice injected with AAV‐h alpha ‐synuclein and sacrificed after 8 weeks. Scale bar 20 μm. (d) Representative images of clusterin‐S100 beta double labeling in the substantia nigra of mice injected with alpha ‐synuclein preformed fibrils (pffs) and sacrificed after 4 weeks. Scale bar 20 μm. (e) Representative images of clusterin‐S100 beta double labeling in the striatum of mice injected with alpha ‐synuclein pffs and sacrificed after 4 weeks. Scale bar 20 μm [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33045109), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/af2747_mouse-clusterin-affinity-purified-polyclonal-ab-41202412403564.jpg "Clusterin protein levels are increased in two different animal models of Parkinson's disease. (a) Lysates from contralateral and ipsilateral ventral midbrain of mice injected with adeno‐associated virus (AAV)‐h alpha ‐synuclein and sacrificed after 8 weeks were subjected to immunoblotting using clusterin and GAPDH antibodies. (b) Quantification of total cleaved clusterin is normalized to GAPDH protein. Data are representative of five animals and are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using one‐sample t test; *p = .0253. (c) Representative images of clusterin‐GFAP double labeling in the ipsilateral and contralateral striatum of mice injected with AAV‐h alpha ‐synuclein and sacrificed after 8 weeks. Scale bar 20 μm. (d) Representative images of clusterin‐S100 beta double labeling in the substantia nigra of mice injected with alpha ‐synuclein preformed fibrils (pffs) and sacrificed after 4 weeks. Scale bar 20 μm. (e) Representative images of clusterin‐S100 beta double labeling in the striatum of mice injected with alpha ‐synuclein pffs and sacrificed after 4 weeks. Scale bar 20 μm [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33045109), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.")
![Conservation of clusterin‐dependent alpha ‐synuclein preformed fibrils (pffs) uptake from mouse to human astrocytes. (a) Representative image of hiAstrocytes (27 days of differentiation) treated with * alpha ‐synuclein pffs for 48 hr. Scale bar 10 μm. (b) Cell lysates from hiAstrocytes (27 days of differentiation) treated with alpha ‐synuclein pffs, or monomeric alpha ‐synuclein (m), for 48 hr were subjected to immunoblotting using alpha ‐synuclein and GAPDH antibodies. Asterisks in the alpha ‐synuclein immunoblot indicate alpha ‐synuclein nonspecific bands. (c) Medium from hiAstrocytes (27 days of differentiation) treated with alpha ‐synuclein pffs, or monomeric alpha ‐synuclein (M), for 48 hr were subjected to immunoblotting using clusterin antibody. Ponceau‐S staining was used as loading control. (d) Quantification of clusterin is normalized to GAPDH protein of cell lysates. Data are representative of three independent experiments and are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using unpaired t test; *p = .0446. (e) Cell lysates from hiAstrocytes (31 days of differentiation) transfected with negative control (NC) or clusterin siRNA for 24 hr were subjected to immunoblotting using clusterin and GAPDH antibodies. Asterisk in the clusterin immunoblot indicates clusterin nonspecific band. (f) Quantification of clusterin precursor is normalized to GAPDH. Data are representative of three independent experiments and are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using unpaired t test; *p = .0165. (g) Representative images of hiAstrocytes (35 days of differentiation) transfected with NC or clusterin siRNA and treated with * alpha ‐synuclein pffs for 24 hr. Scale bar 10 μm. (h) Quantification of * alpha ‐synuclein pffs is shown as mean of fluorescence intensity from three independent experiments (~50 cells per experiment). Quantification of * alpha ‐synuclein pffs is calculated as fluorescence intensity divided by the cell area (μm2). Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using unpaired t test; *p = .0178. Individual points of the graphs represent each single experiment [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33045109), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/af2747_mouse-clusterin-affinity-purified-polyclonal-ab-4120241240247.jpg "Conservation of clusterin‐dependent alpha ‐synuclein preformed fibrils (pffs) uptake from mouse to human astrocytes. (a) Representative image of hiAstrocytes (27 days of differentiation) treated with * alpha ‐synuclein pffs for 48 hr. Scale bar 10 μm. (b) Cell lysates from hiAstrocytes (27 days of differentiation) treated with alpha ‐synuclein pffs, or monomeric alpha ‐synuclein (m), for 48 hr were subjected to immunoblotting using alpha ‐synuclein and GAPDH antibodies. Asterisks in the alpha ‐synuclein immunoblot indicate alpha ‐synuclein nonspecific bands. (c) Medium from hiAstrocytes (27 days of differentiation) treated with alpha ‐synuclein pffs, or monomeric alpha ‐synuclein (M), for 48 hr were subjected to immunoblotting using clusterin antibody. Ponceau‐S staining was used as loading control. (d) Quantification of clusterin is normalized to GAPDH protein of cell lysates. Data are representative of three independent experiments and are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using unpaired t test; *p = .0446. (e) Cell lysates from hiAstrocytes (31 days of differentiation) transfected with negative control (NC) or clusterin siRNA for 24 hr were subjected to immunoblotting using clusterin and GAPDH antibodies. Asterisk in the clusterin immunoblot indicates clusterin nonspecific band. (f) Quantification of clusterin precursor is normalized to GAPDH. Data are representative of three independent experiments and are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using unpaired t test; *p = .0165. (g) Representative images of hiAstrocytes (35 days of differentiation) transfected with NC or clusterin siRNA and treated with * alpha ‐synuclein pffs for 24 hr. Scale bar 10 μm. (h) Quantification of * alpha ‐synuclein pffs is shown as mean of fluorescence intensity from three independent experiments (~50 cells per experiment). Quantification of * alpha ‐synuclein pffs is calculated as fluorescence intensity divided by the cell area (μm2). Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using unpaired t test; *p = .0178. Individual points of the graphs represent each single experiment [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33045109), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.")
![Extracellular clusterin limits the uptake of alpha ‐synuclein preformed fibrils (pffs) by murine primary astrocytes. (a) Cell lysates from clusterin wild‐type (WT) and knock‐out (KO) astrocytes were subjected to immunoblotting using clusterin and GAPDH antibodies. Asterisk indicates clusterin precursor. (b) Maximum intensity Z‐projection confocal images of clusterin WT and KO astrocytes treated with * alpha ‐synuclein pffs for 4 hr. Scale bar 5 μm. (c) Quantification of * alpha ‐synuclein pffs is shown as mean of fluorescence intensity from six independent experiments (~50 cells per experiment). Quantification of * alpha ‐synuclein pffs is calculated as fluorescence intensity divided by the cell area (μm2). Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using unpaired t test; *p = .0315. (d) Cell lysates from clusterin WT and KO primary astrocytes treated with pffs for 16 hr were subjected to immunoblotting using alpha ‐synuclein and GAPDH antibodies. (e) Quantification of intracellular alpha ‐synuclein is normalized to GAPDH protein. Data are representative of eight independent experiments and are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using unpaired t test; *p = .0239. (f) Cell lysates from clusterin KO primary astrocytes treated with pffs for 16 hr in a medium containing or not containing extracellular clusterin were subjected to immunoblotting using alpha ‐synuclein, clusterin and GAPDH antibodies. (g) Quantification of intracellular alpha ‐synuclein is normalized to GAPDH protein. Data are representative of four independent experiments and are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using unpaired t test; *p = .0134. (h) Cell lysates from clusterin WT and KO primary astrocytes treated with pffs and chloroquine (CQ) for 16 hr were subjected to immunoblotting using alpha ‐synuclein and GAPDH antibodies. (i) Quantification of intracellular alpha ‐synuclein normalized to GAPDH protein. Data are representative of six independent experiments and are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using unpaired t test; *p = .0377. Individual points of the graphs represent each single experiment [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33045109), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.](http://images.novusbio.com/fullsize/af2747_mouse-clusterin-affinity-purified-polyclonal-ab-41202412402523.jpg "Extracellular clusterin limits the uptake of alpha ‐synuclein preformed fibrils (pffs) by murine primary astrocytes. (a) Cell lysates from clusterin wild‐type (WT) and knock‐out (KO) astrocytes were subjected to immunoblotting using clusterin and GAPDH antibodies. Asterisk indicates clusterin precursor. (b) Maximum intensity Z‐projection confocal images of clusterin WT and KO astrocytes treated with * alpha ‐synuclein pffs for 4 hr. Scale bar 5 μm. (c) Quantification of * alpha ‐synuclein pffs is shown as mean of fluorescence intensity from six independent experiments (~50 cells per experiment). Quantification of * alpha ‐synuclein pffs is calculated as fluorescence intensity divided by the cell area (μm2). Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using unpaired t test; *p = .0315. (d) Cell lysates from clusterin WT and KO primary astrocytes treated with pffs for 16 hr were subjected to immunoblotting using alpha ‐synuclein and GAPDH antibodies. (e) Quantification of intracellular alpha ‐synuclein is normalized to GAPDH protein. Data are representative of eight independent experiments and are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using unpaired t test; *p = .0239. (f) Cell lysates from clusterin KO primary astrocytes treated with pffs for 16 hr in a medium containing or not containing extracellular clusterin were subjected to immunoblotting using alpha ‐synuclein, clusterin and GAPDH antibodies. (g) Quantification of intracellular alpha ‐synuclein is normalized to GAPDH protein. Data are representative of four independent experiments and are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using unpaired t test; *p = .0134. (h) Cell lysates from clusterin WT and KO primary astrocytes treated with pffs and chloroquine (CQ) for 16 hr were subjected to immunoblotting using alpha ‐synuclein and GAPDH antibodies. (i) Quantification of intracellular alpha ‐synuclein normalized to GAPDH protein. Data are representative of six independent experiments and are expressed as the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using unpaired t test; *p = .0377. Individual points of the graphs represent each single experiment [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33045109), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.")
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