Ischemia is a condition in which patients do not receive enough blood flow to tissues either at a specific location or across the whole body. Some tissues are able to fully recover after an instance of ischemia, but others, such as brain tissue, can die off in as little as five minutes. The body has several responses to ischemia. In tissues where the injury is small, angiogenesis and the remodeling of blood vessels occurs to generate more blood vessels around the affected area. Reperfusion is also used to increase blood flow, but prolonged cases may be damaging to the heart. There are many responses that occur in the brain under ischemic conditions, such as a mass release of glutamate, which becomes toxic. There is also a large increase of dopamine which may cause striatal neuronal death. There are some neuroprotective transmitters released under ischemic conditions however, including GAGA, serotonin, and adenosine.
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