immunity

By Christina Towers, PhD.

By Jamshed Arslan Pharm.D.

By Christina Towers, PhD.

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) belongs to the family of Toll-like receptors (TLR), and plays a main role in pathogen recognition and innate immunity system activation. The TLR family members are highly conserved proteins that all contain a high degree of structural and functional homology in organisms from Drosophila all the way up to humans. TLRs regulate the cellular cytokine production required for efficient innate immunity development through their recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) expressed across a wide range of ligands, including infectious agents.

TLR2 is a member of the broad family of Toll-like receptors (TLR) that play an important role in pathogen recognition and innate immunity.

The Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) protein, also known as CD289, belongs to the family of Toll-like receptor (TLR) proteins which play a large role in pathogen recognition and the activation of innate immunity. Scientists using TLR9 antibodies have found that TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans, with a high degree of structural and functional homology^1,2.

TLR1 belongs to the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, and is a key player in the recognition of pathogens as well as the activation of the innate immunity system. TLRs are highly conserved proteins with a high degree of structural and functional homology from Drosophila to humans. By recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are exhibited across a spectrum of ligands, including infectious agents, TLRs modulate cellular cytokine production needed for efficient innate immunity development.

The protein TLR6 is one member of the large Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, which governs the activation of the innate immunity system and pathogen recognition in cells. The TLR family is highly conserved from Drosophila to humans, and all the family members have a high degree of both functional and structural homology. TLRs modulate cytokine production by cells that is required to effectively establish innate immunity.