Hypoxia

Hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a protein that plays an essential role in hypoxia, or low levels of cellular oxygen.

Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is the trans-differentiation of stationary epithelial cells into motile mesenchymal cells. During EMT, epithelial cells lose their junctions and apical-basal polarity, reorganize their cytoskeleton, undergo a change in the signaling cascade that defines cell shape and reprograms gene expression. Collectively, these changes increase the motility of individual cells and enables the development of an invasive phenotype.

Inositol-requiring protein 1/IRE1 alpha (also called Endoplasmic Reticulum to Nucleus Signaling 1/ERN1; predicted mol wt 110 kDa) is a serine-threonine protein kinase/endoribonuclease which plays a highly critical role in unfolded protein response/UPR signaling, a mechanism by which eukaryotic cells sense and deal with ER stress. The latter triggers growth arrest and apoptosis in cells with misfolded proteins.

Tips on positive and negative controls for HIF-1 alpha antibodies is one of the most Frequently Asked Questions on Hypoxia and HIFs. Here are top 5 suggestions from Novus Biologicals:

Wingless-Type 5A (Wnt-5a) is a member of the WNT family of secreted signaling proteins that regulate many important developmental processes including cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, fate determination and embryonic patterning. WNT signal proteins affect the cell via three known WNT signal transduction pathways. The canonical WNT signaling pathway regulates gene transcription, the non-canonical planar cell polarity pathway regulates cytoskeletal formation, and the non-canonical Wnt/calcium pathway regulates cellular calcium levels.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a natural process by which epithelial cells lose their polarity and intercellular adhesion, and gain the migratory invasive properties of mesenchymal stem cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types. EMT is critical to many developmental processes including embryo development and wound healing. However, EMT is also a fundamental step in the initiation of metastasis during cancer progression.

HIF-2 alpha is a member of the heterodimeric hypoxia-inducible factors/HIFs family (HIF-1, HIF-2, and HIF-3) which contains a common beta subunit but differ in their alpha subunits.

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a heterodimeric transcription factor consisting of alpha and beta subunits. The levels of functional HIF-1 in the cell depends on the level of oxygen allowing cells to respond to hypoxic conditions. HIF-1α is a ubiquitously expressed protein containing an oxygen-dependent degradation domain that under normal conditions regulates its constant degradation. HIF-1 beta, on the other hand, is a stable constitutively expressed protein that localizes to the nucleus.

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) allows cells to respond to changing levels of oxygen in the environment. HIF-1 is a heterodimeric transcription factor consisting of alpha and beta subunits. Under normal conditions HIF-1 alpha is continuously synthesized and degraded. HIF-1 alpha degradation is mediated through an oxygen-dependent degradation domain that is hydroxylated and leads to ubiquitylation and proteolysis. HIF-1 beta on the other hand is constitutively expressed and localizes to the nucleus.

Bcl-2 nineteen-kilodalton interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) is a pro-apoptotic BH3-only protein. BNIP3 localizes to the mitochondrial membrane where it plays a key role in mitochondrial autophagy and cell death pathways. Similar to other Bcl-2 family members, BNIP3 binds to Bcl-2 and can activate the downstream effectors of Bax/Bak.