HER2

By Jamshed Arslan Pharm.D.

The mammalian forkhead O class transcription factors (FOXO) regulate diverse cellular processes such as metabolism, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Activity of these transcription factors can be regulated by diverse post-translational modifications including phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination (1). These modifications can alter nuclear transport, DNA binding, and protein-protein interactions to alter transcriptional activity. The best studied member of the FOXO family is FOXO1.

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a eukaryotic cell mechanism that copes with ER stress and is initiated by three ER-localized sensors: PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha (IRE1 alpha). The UPR-responsive downstream signaling is regulated through the ATF6 and IRE1-XBP1 pathways.

MCP1, also known as CCL2, is a small chemokine factor belonging to the CC chemokine family. It is predominantly produced by endothelial cells and macrophages, and specifically is a chemoattractant for monocytes and basophils. It is produced by a wide range of cell types in reaction to diverse inflammatory stimuli including tissue injury, infection, and inflammation.