ARNT

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand activated transcription factor that controls the expression of a diverse set of genes. In the absence of ligand, AHR is retained in the cytoplasm. Upon ligand binding AHR translocates to the nucleus where it forms a heterodimer with aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) (1). This receptor complex then recognizes AHR-response elements in target genes to regulate their transcription.

Hypoxia contributes significantly to the pathophysiology of major categories of human disease, including myocardial and cerebral ischemia, cancer, pulmonary hypertension, congenital heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a nuclear protein involved in mammalian oxygen homeostasis.

AH receptor-interacting protein (AIP) is a 37 kD immunophilin-like factor found in a variety of tissues with expression levels ranging from high (spleen, thymus, pituitary heart, placenta and skeletal muscle) to low (liver, kidney and lung). It mediates aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling either through ligand receptivity and/or modulating nuclear targeting and has been shown to bind to both the AhR itself as well as the AhR nuclear translocator (ARNT).

Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a major transcription factor that is composed of two subunits: HIF-1 alpha and HIF-1 beta, the latter being a constitutively-expressed aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear transporter (ARNT).

The HIF family are heterodimeric, oxygen-sensitive transcription factors comprising an alpha and beta subunit which are normally dissociated in normoxic conditions. Our antibody catalog contains products targeting all the Hypoxia Inducible Factor isoforms which have been identified in mammalian cells. These include HIF-2 alpha antibody reagents targeting both the entire protein and specific epitopes.

The hypoxia inducible factors are a family of heterodimeric transcription factors which are activated in response to lowered oxygen levels, or hypoxia. Although it may seem that HIF-1 alpha receives all the attention, other HIF antibodies, such as the HIF-2 alpha and HIF-1 beta antibody, are frequently used in clinical research as well.