Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a major transcription factor that is composed of two subunits: HIF-1 alpha and HIF-1 beta, the latter being a constitutively-expressed aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear transporter (ARNT).
APE1 (aka. HAP1, /Ref-1 or APEX) the mammalian ortholog of Escherichia coli Xth is a multifunctional protein possessing both DNA repair and transcriptional regulatory activity. APE1 acts essentially as master regulator of controlling cellular response to oxidative stress, and contributes to the genome stability (1).
FOXP3, a forkhead family transcription factor specially expressed in regulatory T (Treg) cells, controls the expression of many key immune-regulatory genes. Treg cells are a population of T lymphocytes that have critical roles in the immune system homeostasis and tolerance to self and foreign antigens, the body's response to cancer and infectious agents.
Nucleolin is an abundant, 106 kDa nucleolar phosphoprotein that is a major protein in actively dividing cells. The stability of nucleolin is heavily cell proliferation-dependent, as nucleolin antibody studies have shown that degraded forms are relatively abundant in quiescent non-dividing cells, while nonexist in actively dividing cells.
The transcription factor beta protein 1 (BP1) is a member of the homeobox gene family and the distal-less subfamily. Expression of BP1 is highly tissue-specific and developmentally restricted. Among different human tissues, BP1 is found to be highly expressed in placenta, kidney and at lower levels in fetal liver (1). Such restricted pattern of expression is compatible with a specific gene function in development and/or differentiation.
S100A6 antibodies detect a small calcium binding protein with 2 EF-hand structures and belongs to the S100 family. Calcium binding induces a conformational change of the protein which in turn permits its interaction with several target proteins. It is predominantly expressed in fibroblasts and epithelial cells and has been implicated in several cellular processes such as cell cycle progression, cytoskeleton rearrangement and exocytosis.
P53 is a stress-activated transcription factor, encoded by the TP53 gene. An important tumor suppressor, the protein mediates cellular growth and proliferation, regulating proteins involved in the stress-response. In p53 antibody studies, the protein has been shown to play an important role in the cellular response to DNA damage.
Histone modification is known to affect transcriptional access to chromatin. Therefore, high quality histone modification specific antibodies are necessary to understand and explain the specific roles that these epigenetic modifications play in transcription regulation. Unfortunately, many of the commercially available histone modification antibodies are designed against short immunizing peptides and lack specificity to the full-length modified histone.
