Angiogenesis is the process of the formation of new blood vessels from those that already exist. There are multiple factors that work as angiogenic stimulants, including FGF, TGF-beta, and VEGF, which results in the MAPK pathway to initiate the growth process. MMPs are also important in angiogenesis, as they degrade the extracellular matrix and allow for the new blood vessels to grow from this location. Sprouting angiogenesis is the most common form of angiogenesis, where new cells grow off of a blood vessel and fuse together to form a shared lumen. The sprouts migrate toward the angiogenic stimulus and are connected through the use of integrins to form entirely new vessels. Angiogenesis is an important function in the oxygenation of tissues, and can help in various functions including wound healing and the treatment of vascular diseases such as heart disease, high blood pressure, and diabetes. An abnormal rate of angiogenesis, however, can cause many problems including the proliferation of cancerous tumors, diabetic ulcers, and cardiovascular diseases. Many scientists have studied factors of angiogenesis, and treatments have been created that involve either the inhibition or activation of blood vessel growth.
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