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Tonic-clonic Epilepsy: Disease Bioinformatics

Epilepsy is defined as a diverse set of neurological disorders characterized by seizures. These seizures occur due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Factors that may lead to epilepsy include, but are not limited to, brain trauma, gene mutations, strokes, brain cancer, and extensive drug and alcohol use. Seizures occur due to a large release of glutamate, which causes a spread of excitation throughout the brain, which propagates the electrical signal and can lead to neuronal death. Tonic-clonic epilepsy is a type of generalized epilepsy, or epilepsy that affects the entire brain. Tonic-clonic epilepsy is characterized by the tonic phase of the seizure, where the person loses consciousness and has their entire body tense up, which is followed by the clonic phase of the seizure, where the person experiences convulsions which can be a little as twitches or as severe as violent shaking of the limbs. Some tonic-clonic seizures may be introduced with an aura, in which the person experiences an abnormal feeling due to a simple partial seizure that is the precursor to the tonic-clonic seizure. The SCN1A gene is affected by tonic-clonic epilepsy. About 50 million people have epilepsy, with 80% of that population located in developing countries. It is possible to control epilepsy with medicine, but many cases may require surgery in order to relieve symptoms.

Top Research Reagents

We have 2732 products for the study of Tonic-clonic Epilepsy that can be applied to Flow Cytometry, Immunocytochemistry/ Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, Western Blot from our catalog of antibodies and ELISA kits.

NBP1-49045
Flow Cytometry: CD8 Antibody (53-6.7) [NBP1-49045] - CD8 alpha Antibody (53-6.7) [NBP1-49045] - Analysis of lymph nodes by multiple staining.Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: CD8 Antibody (53-6.7) [NBP1-49045] - CD8 alpha Antibody (53-6.7) [NBP1-49045] - CD8 alpha expression in mouse spleen tissue using anti-CD8 alpha antibody. Image from verified customer review.

Rat Monoclonal
Species Mouse, Rat
Applications Flow, ICC/IF, IHC

     3 Reviews

28 Publications
NBP1-51843
Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: Aurora A Antibody [NBP1-51843] - HeLa cells were fixed and permeabilized for 10 minutes using -20C MeOH. The cells were incubated with anti- (NBP1-51843) at 2 ug/ml overnight at 4C and detected with an anti-rabbit Dylight 488 (Green) at a 1:1000 dilution for 60 minutes. Alpha tubulin (DM1A) NB100-690 was used as a co-stain at a 1:1000 dilution overnight at 4C and detected with an anti-mouse Dylight 550 (Red) at a 1:1000 dilution for 60 minutes. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (Blue). Cells were imaged using a 100X objective and digitally deconvolved.Simple Western: Aurora A Antibody [NBP1-51843] - Simple Western lane view shows a specific band for Aurora A in 0.5 mg/ml of HeLa lysate.  This experiment was performed under reducing conditions using the 12-230kDa separation system.

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human, Mouse
Applications WB, Simple Western, ICC/IF

     1 Review

7 Publications
NBP1-86616
Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: CRAT Antibody [NBP1-86616] - Analysis in human testis and lymph node tissues.  Corresponding CRAT RNA-seq data are presented for the same tissues.Western Blot: CRAT Antibody [NBP1-86616] - Analysis using Anti-CRAT antibody NBP1-86616 (A) shows similar pattern to independent antibody NBP1-86615 (B).

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human
Applications WB, IHC, IHC-P

2 Publications
NBP1-88191
Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: Carbonic Anhydrase I/CA1 Antibody [NBP1-88191] - Analysis in human rectum and pancreas tissues. Corresponding CA1 RNA-seq data are presented for the same tissues.Western Blot: Carbonic Anhydrase I/CA1 Antibody [NBP1-88191] - Comparative proteome analysis of 3xTg-AD and control samples at different stages of AD. Immunoblot analysis of most regulated hits. Soluble fractions of brain proteins were analyzed from four 2-month-old control and 3xTg-AD mice animals, respectively. Hebp1 and Glo1 levels were consistently elevated in the transgenic animals as compared to wild type controls. Ca1 levels were reduced in transgenic animals. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (https://elifesciences.org/articles/47498), licensed under a CC-BY license.

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human, Mouse
Applications WB, IHC, IHC-P

3 Publications
NBP1-88498
Western Blot: Mkl1 Antibody [NBP1-88498] - Analysis in U-251MG cells transfected with control siRNA, target specific siRNA probe #1 and #2. Remaining relative intensity is presented. Loading control: Anti-GAPDH.Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: Mkl1 Antibody [NBP1-88498] - Staining of human cell line A-431 shows localization to nucleoplasm. Antibody staining is shown in green.

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human, Mouse
Applications WB, ICC/IF, IHC

8 Publications
NBP2-26245
TIRAP (TLR2 and TLR4) Inhibitor Peptide [NBP2-26245] - TLR2 acts through formation of heterodimer complexes with TLR1 or TLR6. HEK 293 endogenously expresses TLR1 and TLR6, so that the TLR2 reporter cell line can response to both Pam3CSK4 (TLR2/TLR1 specific ligand) and MALP-2 (TLR2/TLR6 specific ligand). The TLR2 / TLR4 inhibitor specifically inhibits TLR2/TLR1 receptor complex activity in a dose-response manner but exhibited no or little effect on TLR2/TLR6 receptor complex activity.TIRAP (TLR2 and TLR4) Inhibitor Peptide [NBP2-26245] - The TLR4 reporter cell line responds to LPS. The TLR2 / TLR4 inhibitor specifically inhibits TLR4 activation upon LPS stimulation in a dose-response manner.


Species Human, Mouse
Applications Flow, In vitro

8 Publications
NB100-1533
Immunohistochemistry: POMC Antibody [NB100-1533] - Representative confocal images of POMC in POMC-transfected WT and Sel1L-/- N2a cells. White arrows point to POMC-containing secretory granules, while yellow arrows point to perinuclear POMC. KDEL marks the ER. Representative data from at least 2 independent experiments are shown. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following publication (jci.org/articles/view/96420), licensed under a CC-BY license.Flow Cytometry: POMC Antibody [NB100-1533] - Flow cytometric analysis of paraformaldehyde fixed A431 cells (blue line), permeabilized with 0.5% Triton. Primary incubation 1hr (10 ug/mL) followed by Alexa Fluor 488 secondary antibody (1 ug/mL). IgG control: Unimmunized goat IgG (black line) followed by Alexa Fluor 488 secondary antibody.

Goat Polyclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, Flow, ICC/IF

10 Publications
AF009
Neurophysin II was detected in immersion fixed paraffin-embedded sections of human pituitary using Goat Anti-Human Neurophysin II Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # AF009) at 3 µg/mL for 1 hour at room temperature followed by incubation with the Anti-Goat IgG VisUCyte™ HRP Polymer Antibody (<a class=NoLineLink href=

Goat Polyclonal
Species Human
Applications WB, IHC

AF1107

Goat Polyclonal
Species Mouse
Applications WB, IHC

3 Publications
AF1408
Western blot shows lysates of human colon tissue, PC-12 rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cell line, A549 human lung carcinoma cell line, and SK-BR-3 human breast cancer cell line. PVDF membrane was probed with 1 µg/mL of Goat Anti-Human/Rat Cystatin B Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # AF1408) followed by HRP-conjugated Anti-Goat IgG Secondary Antibody (Catalog # <a class=Simple Western lane view shows lysates of A549 human lung carcinoma cell line, loaded at 0.2 mg/mL. A specific band was detected for Cystatin B at approximately 18 kDa (as indicated) using 10 µg/mL of Goat Anti-Human/Rat Cystatin B Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # AF1408) followed by 1:50 dilution of HRP-conjugated Anti-Goat IgG Secondary Antibody (Catalog # <a class=

Goat Polyclonal
Species Human, Rat
Applications WB, Simple Western, IHC

3 Publications
AF3398
Western blot shows lysates of Jurkat human acute T cell leukemia cell line, Raji human Burkitt's lymphoma cell line, HeLa human cervical epithelial carcinoma cell line, NIH-3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line, A20 mouse B cell lymphoma cell line, and Rat-2 rat embryonic fibroblast cell line. PVDF membrane was probed with 0.5 µg/mL of Goat Anti-Human/Mouse/Rat Catalase Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # AF3398) followed by HRP-conjugated Anti-Goat IgG Secondary Antibody (Catalog # <a class=Simple Western lane view shows lysates of Jurkat human acute T cell leukemia cell line and Raji human Burkitt's lymphoma cell line, loaded at 0.2 mg/mL. A specific band was detected for Catalase at approximately 62 kDa (as indicated) using 5 µg/mL of Goat Anti-Human/Mouse/Rat Catalase Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # AF3398) followed by 1:50 dilution of HRP-conjugated Anti-Goat IgG Secondary Antibody (Catalog # <a class=

Goat Polyclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, Simple Western, ICC

     3 Reviews

15 Publications
AF1445
Western blot shows lysates of mouse pituitary tissue and rat pituitary tissue. PVDF membrane was probed with 0.25 µg/mL of Goat Anti-Mouse/Rat Prolactin Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # AF1445) followed by HRP-conjugated Anti-Goat IgG Secondary Antibody (<a class=Recombinant Mouse Prolactin (<a class=

Goat Polyclonal
Species Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, Simple Western, IHC

7 Publications
664-LI
<P align=left>Recombinant Human LIGHT/TNFSF14 (Catalog # 664-LI) stimulates cell proliferation in HUVEC human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The ED<SUB>50</SUB> is 1-4 ng/mL.</P><p align=


Species Human
Applications BA

21 Publications
7954-GM/CF
Measured in a cell proliferation assay using TF-1 human erythroleukemic cells. The ED<sub>50</sub> for this effect is 6-30 pg/mL.


Species Human
Applications BA

3 Publications
NBP2-42388
Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: LAMC2 Antibody (CL2980) [NBP2-42388] - Staining in human fallopian tube and liver tissues. Corresponding LAMC2 RNA-seq data are presented for the same tissues.Western Blot: LAMC2 Antibody (CL2980) [NBP2-42388] - Analysis in A-431 cells transfected with control siRNA, target specific siRNA probe #1 and #2, using Anti-LAMC2 antibody. Remaining relative intensity is presented. Loading control: Anti-GAPDH.

Mouse Monoclonal
Species Human
Applications WB, ICC/IF, IHC

4 Publications
NBP2-58917
Western Blot: GLYAT Antibody [NBP2-58917] - Western blot analysis in human cell line RT-4, human cell line U-251 MG, human plasma and human liver tissue.Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: GLYAT Antibody [NBP2-58917] - Staining of human skeletal muscle.

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human
Applications WB, IHC, IHC-P

H00003347-M01
Immunocytochemistry/Immunofluorescence: Histatin 3 Antibody (4G9) [H00003347-M01] - Analysis of monoclonal antibody to HTN3 on HeLa cell . Antibody concentration 10 ug/ml.Sandwich ELISA: Histatin 3 Antibody (4G9) [H00003347-M01] - Detection limit for recombinant GST tagged HTN3 is approximately 3ng/ml as a capture antibody.

Mouse Monoclonal
Species Human
Applications WB, ELISA, ICC/IF

1 Publication
NBP2-75563
Western Blot: MAL Antibody (B5-G3) [NBP2-75563] - Analysis of MAL on mouse kidney (1) and mouse lymphatic vessels (2) tissue lysate using anti-MAL antibody at 1/1,000 dilution.Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: MAL Antibody (B5-G3) [NBP2-75563] - Analysis of paraffin-embedded rat kidney tissue using anti-MAL antibody. Counter stained with hematoxylin.

Mouse Monoclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, Flow, IHC

NBP2-94901
Western Blot: NHLRC1 Antibody [NBP2-94901] - Analysis of extracts of various cell lines, using NHLRC1 at 1:1000 dilution.Secondary antibody: HRP Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) at 1:10000 dilution.Lysates/proteins: 25ug per lane.Blocking buffer: 3% nonfat dry milk in TBST.Detection: ECL Basic Kit .Exposure time: 30s.Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: NHLRC1 Antibody [NBP2-94901] - Paraffin-embedded mouse heart using NHLRC1 .

Rabbit Polyclonal
Species Human, Mouse, Rat
Applications WB, IHC, IHC-P


Related Genes

Tonic-clonic Epilepsy has been researched against:

Related PTMs

Tonic-clonic Epilepsy has been studied in relation to posttranslational modifications (PTMs) including:

Alternate Names

Tonic-clonic Epilepsy is also known as Clonic-tonic Convulsions, Convulsions, Grand Mal, Epilepsy Grand Mal, Epilepsy, Grand Mal, Epilepsy, Major.