Epilepsy is defined as a diverse set of neurological disorders characterized by seizures. These seizures occur due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Factors that may lead to epilepsy include, but are not limited to, brain trauma, gene mutations, strokes, brain cancer, and extensive drug and alcohol use. Seizures occur due to a large release of glutamate, which causes a spread of excitation throughout the brain, which propagates the electrical signal and can lead to neuronal death. Tonic-clonic epilepsy is a type of generalized epilepsy, or epilepsy that affects the entire brain. Tonic-clonic epilepsy is characterized by the tonic phase of the seizure, where the person loses consciousness and has their entire body tense up, which is followed by the clonic phase of the seizure, where the person experiences convulsions which can be a little as twitches or as severe as violent shaking of the limbs. Some tonic-clonic seizures may be introduced with an aura, in which the person experiences an abnormal feeling due to a simple partial seizure that is the precursor to the tonic-clonic seizure. The SCN1A gene is affected by tonic-clonic epilepsy. About 50 million people have epilepsy, with 80% of that population located in developing countries. It is possible to control epilepsy with medicine, but many cases may require surgery in order to relieve symptoms.
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