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Florescence activated cell sorting or Flow cytometry is responsible for many of the current innovations made against HIV. Newer-generation FACS machines, proficient of using multi-color panels, are allowing researchers to measure lymphocyte subsets more precisely and cost-effectively. In the case of HIV, flow cytometry can identify which cell subsets are affected by the infection among individual patients.

Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CA-IX) is an enzyme that is induced under hypoxic conditions. This enzyme is rarely present in normal cells and is responsible for controlling tumor pH. CA-IX is a transmembrane glycoprotein of the zinc metalloenzyme family. This family displays 15 isoforms in human tissues. Carbonic Anhydrase IX functions to convert carbonic acid present in hypoxic cells into a biocarbonate and a proton.

We at Novus Biologicals have a vast number of products in our antibody catalogue, targeted at cancer research. They cover areas as diverse as apoptosis and cell signalling pathways, and antibodies include those derived from a number of tumour cell lines.

Antibody studies into human CHARGE syndrome have shown mutated CHD7 plays a major role in its development. CHARGE originates in neural crest cells (NCCs) during early embryonic development. It leads to a number of birth defects including craniofacial, heart, brain, urogenital, hearing and growth defects. New research conducted by Wysocka et al, of the Stamford University School of Medicine, indicates a connection with tumour development in adults.

The recently discovered FTO (Fat mass and obesity orientated) gene is of great interest to antibody research groups, throwing clearer insight into the reasons why some people have difficulty losing weight, even when following a healthy lifestyle.

We at Novus Biologicals have a number of products in our antibody catalog covering the area of circadian rhythms. Disruptions of the "biological clock" mechanism are known to cause a range of disorders.

Recent antibody studies have suggested that nuclear factor κB-inducing kinase (NIK) is inhibited through proteasome-controlled degradation regulated by TRAF/cIAP proteins. cIAP1 and cIAP2 are fairly recent apoptosis inhibitors and represent some of the newer products in our antibody catalog.

MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) antibodies are widely used in cellular research to study these processes, in both healthy and cancerous cells. For example, p38 is a pro-apoptotic factor, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) regulates cellular longevity and stress resistance. Together they form the JNK/p38 signaling pathway, which is controlled by at least five MAPK cascades.

The antibody lab technicians here at Novus Biologicals are constantly busy conducting purifications, conjugations and QC analysis in order to maintain our antibody catalog of over 100,000 products. Just this past week, the lab team conjugated numerous antibodies and tested several newly purified antibody lots.

Not everybody working in immunobiology has an in-depth knowledge of the subject. Some may be students, who are still getting to grips with the discipline at college. Others may have been forced into a swift career change following restructuring at work. For whatever reason, people quite often perform their first antibody assays with only the vaguest knowledge of the underlying concepts.