Antibody News

The integral endoplasmic reticulum membrane-based enzyme G6PC hydrolyzes its substrate glucose-6-phosphate into glucose. Specifically, G6PC breaks down D-glucose 6-phosphate to D-glucose and orthophosphate. Because G6PC forms with the glucose-6-phosphate transporter (SLC37A4/G6PT), the resulting complex is responsible for glucose production. Thus, G6PC is the key enzyme in glucose homeostasis, functioning in both the processes of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. Defects in the enzyme cause glycogen storage disease type I (von Gierke disease). Not surprisingly, G6PC is localized mainly in the liver and kidneys.  It is unique in that it is membrane-bound, unlike most other enzymes that act upon water soluble substrates.

Human Von Willebrand Factor (factor VIII R: Ag) is a 270 kDa multimeric plasma gylcoprotein. Important in the maintenance of hemostasis, it mediates platelet adhesion to injured vessel walls and serves as a carrier and stabilizer for coagulation factor VIII. The Von Willebrand factor has functional binding domains to platelet glycoprotein Ib, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, collagen and heparin. The factor is synthesized by endothelial cells and is also present in platelets and megakaryocytes.

The essential biologic properties of VWF have been explicated, particularly in the areas of genetic regulation, biosynthesis, and specific bimolecular interactions. The three-dimensional structure of selected domains has been solved, but our understanding of detailed structure-function relationships is still fragmented because of the complexity and size of the VWF molecule. The biomechanical properties of the interaction between the VWF A1 domain and...

Viral infection triggers the antiviral cell response by activating the innate cellular immune system that recognizes various viral components. One component of this process is the cytoplasmic helicase RIG-1 which is a pattern recognition receptor. Like toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), RIG-1 recognizes double-stranded (ds) RNA, but unlike TLR3, RIG-1 activates tank-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon (IKKepsilon) through the adaptor protein known as interferon-beta promoter stimulator 1 (IPS-1). This kinase cascade ultimately phosphorylates the transcription factors interferon regulatory factors 3 and 7 (IRF-3, IRF-7, respectively). Both of these are essential for type-I interferon expression. Not surprisingly, RIG-1 is required for interferon production in response to RNA viruses (paramyxoviruses, influenza virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus, among...

The SOX-11 transcription factor is a member of the SOX family known to be involved in embryonic development regulation and cell fate determination. The protein acts as a transcriptional regulator and appears to modulate fundamental aspects of normal embryonic nervous system development and tumorigenesis. SOX-11 is not found expressed in adult tissues except for the adult immature neuron. Ek's group in Sweden employed the SOX11 antibody to develop signatures comprised of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL)-associated genes through a comprehensive expression analysis of both normal and malignant B-cells¹. These profiles were created to identify diagnostic and therapeutic targets that are efficient, genome-based modalities for this aggressive lymphoid malignancy. Additional studies that surveyed a wider range of lymphomas relied upon SOX11 antibody immunohistochemistry and widened the prognostic value of...

AP-endonuclease (APE1/Ref-1) is an essential multifunctional protein involved in the repair of oxidative DNA damage as well as in transcriptional regulation in tumor cells. It functions as an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endodeoxyribonuclease in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway of DNA lesions, and may also play a role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression and the protection from granzymes-mediated cellular repair leading to cell death. APE1 is involved in calcium-dependent down-regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) expression by binding to negative calcium response elements (nCaREs).

Melphalan resistance has been considered one of the major obstacles to improve outcomes in multiple myeloma (MM) therapy. A study using Novus’ APE1 antibody, NB100-116, has shown that the acetylation modification of APE1 is involved in melphalan resistance of MM cells and has also shed light on...

Bone morphogenetic proteins such as GDF15 belong to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFB) family that directs tissue differentiation and maintenance. GDF15 appears to be involved in a variety of physiological processes such as pregnancy, injury and inflammation, and apoptosis. Evidence suggests GDF15 is a marker for metastasis. A Swiss group profiled expression of GDF15 via RT-PCR and immunoblotting with the GDF15 antibody in mouse and human glioma cell lines to better correlate tumor grade with proliferative capability and immunogenicity¹. Their data clearly showed that endogenous levels of GDF15 cause proliferation and immune escape of glioma cells. Tabrizi et al performed similar profiling studies with the GDF15 antibody in primary ovarian mucinous carcinomas of the intestine². Based on their studies, they suggest that current and updated diagnostic criteria and standards...

PINK1 (PTEN induced putative kinase 1) is a mitochondrial serine/threonine kinase which maintains mitochondrial function/integrity, provides protection against mitochondrial dysfunction during cellular stress, potentially by phosphorylating mitochondrial proteins, and is involved in the clearance of damaged mitochondria via selective autophagy (mitophagy). PINK1 and its substrates have been found in the cytosol as well as in different sub-mitochondrial compartments.  According to recent reports, PINK1 may be targeted to OMM (outer mitochondrial membrane) with its kinase domain facing the cytosol, providing a possible explanation for the observed physical interaction with the cytosolic E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin. PINK1 has been linked to autosomal recessive early onset Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, neuronitis, myeloma ect.

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Neurofibromatosis (NF) is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the NF1, NF2 or SMARCB1 genes which lead to tumor growth on nerves throughout the body. Although the tumors are usually benign, they still require chemotherapy to shrink and may become cancerous. Surgery is often attempted as treatment, however tumor placement on sensitive areas such as spinal cord and optic nerve make this option more difficult.

Resources

1. CTF.org 
   
2. Mayo Clinic ...

The innate immune system is responsible for reacting to viral infections through recognition of various viral components. Like toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), MDA5 recognizes double-stranded (ds) RNA which is a molecular pattern indicative of viral infection. MDA5 and its relative RIG-1 recognize different types of dsRNA, with MDA5 recognizing poly (I:C). MDA5 is a member of the DEAD/DEAH-box RNA helicase family, which all contain the conserved DEAD motif of Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp. DEAD box proteins are implicated in a number of cellular processes involving RNA secondary structure alteration - translation initiation, nuclear and mitochondrial splicing, and ribosome and spliceosome assembly. Based on their distribution patterns, some members of this family are believed to be involved in embryogenesis, spermatogenesis, and cellular growth and division. When stimulated by dsRNA, MDA5 recruits the adaptor protein VISA and ultimately activates...

Nitric oxide (NO) is an inorganic, gaseous, and reactive free radical that acts as a biologic mediator in processes such as neurotransmission, vasorelaxation, and cytotoxicity. In addition, it has antimicrobial and anti-tumoral activities. NO production is mediated by members of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) family. The NOS enzyme catalyzes the oxidization of L-arginine into L-citrulline and NO.  Several subtypes have been identified: two constitutive isoforms (type I brain/neuronal NOS, and type III endothelial) and one inducible isoform (iNOS, or type II).

Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin: iNOS Antibody

iNOS is found in a variety of cell types including macrophages, hepatocytes, synoviocytes, and...

The ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) protein is a key gatekeeper for regulating intracellular cholesterol transport. It is one member of a large family of genes comprised of cAMP-dependent anion transporter cell membrane proteins. These important proteins regulate reverse cholesterol efflux from cells into the peripheral tissues via apolipoprotein A-1 (apo). ABCA1 in particular has a diverse expression profile and is most highly expressed in macrophages. Sporstol's group performed real-time RT-PCR and immunoblotting with the ABCA1 antibody to create detailed expression pattern profiles of their identified cholesterol metabolism targets (scavenger receptor type B class I (SR-BI), ABCA1, and ABC transporter G1 (ABCG1) proteins)¹. A research group from the Cornell Medical Center used the ABCA1...

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neurological disease which impacts motor neurons that are involved in muscle movement throughout the body. The progressive degeneration of neurons causes weakened muscles and can lead to paralysis. There is no cure for ALS, but riluzole has been used to help with the damage to the motor neurons.

Resources:

1. ALSA.org 
   
2. Lougehrig.com 
   
3. ...