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Immunophenotyping is to study the proteins expressed by cells, which can be done on tissue section (fresh or fixed) or cell suspension. Clusters of Differentiation (CD) markers are widely used for immunophenotyping. CD markers are a series of surface proteins on leukocytes that serve to differentiate the many types of white blood cells. CD proteins serve as receptors and ligands such as CD4 and CD8 on T lymphocytes which serve to regulate the adaptive immune response. Some CD proteins regulate cell signaling, while others ensure cell adhesion which is an important aspect of adaptive immunity.
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CD8 alpha |
CD40 |
CD45R |
