Cannabinoids exert their well known physiological effects through two G protein coupled receptors, cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and CB2. Both cannabinoid receptors have been shown to inhibit adenylyl cyclase as well as stimulate the mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK. CB1 receptors also modulate ion channels through direct G-protein interactions. Delta 9-tetrahydrocannibinol and related ligands likely exert their psychoactive effects by inhibiting presynaptic N- and P / Q type calcium channels. CB2 is thought to function primarily in the immune system although it has been suggested to be present in the central nervous system, including the retina.